was evident, although she leaked considerably, she was not bilged. The deck and main-hold had been cleared, either by the water or by the people of Sumatra, whose fishing-boats might possibly have come athwart her; but the after-hold, which was battened securely down, protected by a double deck, and bulkheaded off, was untouched. I forgot to mention that, as we were baling, we disturbed a huge water-snake at the bottom of the hold, which the men had mistaken for the bite of a cable, and that he speedily cleared the decks. Either he had a taste for shell-fish, or preferred a wooden kennel to a coral cave. We made a simultaneous and vigorous attack on him with pikes and fire-arms; yet it was not till he was gashed like a crimped cod that he struck his flag, and permitted us to continue our work. The divers said he might have eaten them when they were under water; -I know not that, but can aver that the men, more ferocious and greedy than the shark, did incontinently, now that he was out of water, eat him."- Vol. 111. 212-215.

The mottoes of every chapter are, without exception, from one of three authors, Byron, Shelley, or Keats. Trelawney was the friend and favorite of each of these gifted men; and it is possible that previous to his acquaintance with them in Italy, he had read little, though he had done more than perhaps all these sons of Apollo put together. He has at any rate exhibited his taste in the selection of these fragments from the remains of his departed companions; and it is singular to observe how remarkably the imaginations of each in their kind had shadowed forth scenes and images of a kindred spirit with those which it has been the fate of their more muscular friend to see and struggle in.

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[Translated from the "Revue Encyclopédique, Avril, 1832."]

[The following article contains a sketch of the life of Hegel, one of the most noted of the modern German metaphysicians, if they will consent to be called by that name. In whatever estimation one may hold the "transcendental philosophy," its history, like that of the philosophy of the later Platonists, with which it has many points of resemblance, forms an important article in the history of human opinions. Perhaps the best brief account of the doctrines of its different teachers is to be found in a volume entitled "Grundzüge und Kritik "der Philosophien Kant's, Fichte's, und Schelling's," u. s. f. ; —i. e. "The Principles of the Philosophy of Kant, Fichte, and Schelling, stated and examined. "Second edition, revised and enlarged, with additions concerning Hegel, Klein, "Oken, Rirner, and Steffens. By J. A. Wendel, Director of the Ducal Gymna"sium at Coburg. 1824." The volume, which is a 12mo of about 300 pages, would be worth translating.

Of the Life and Literary Correspondence of Fichte, the publication was commenced by his son, in 1830. The first volume contains his Life. We have seen a remark quoted from it respecting Fichte's lectures at Jena, which will deserve preservation in the history, whenever it may be written, of the transcendental philosophy; "There was,' it is said, "a confident faith in Fichte such as there 66 never had been in Reinhold. His hearers understood him, it is true, far less ; "but they believed, in consequence, the more obstinately." ("Man versteht "freilich jenen noch ungleich weniger als diesen, aber man glaubt dafür auch "desto hartnäckiger"). How important the unintelligible is to the belief of many

who are very obstinate in their belief, is a consideration which was never presented with more brevity and simplicity.

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Of Krause, who is mentioned in the conclusion of this article, the two principal works, we believe, are "Outlines of the System of Philosophy " ("Abriss des Systems der Philosophie"), of which the first part was published in 1828, and no other, as far as we are informed, has yet appeared; and "Lectures upon the "System of Philosophy" ("Vorlesungen," u.s.f.), published the same year. His dialect, from the notices which we have seen of these works, seems to distinguish him even among transcendental philosophers by its technical barbarisms.

The" Revue Encyclopédique" has passed into the hands of one sect of the Saint Simonians; and from the praise bestowed upon Krause at the conclusion of this article, his works may be concluded to favor their principles. EDD.]

ART. VII. Winke zur Kritik Hegels, etc. Hints for a Criti cism on Hegel, occasioned by the Uscientific Claims of M. G-s in the "Prussian State Gazette." Munich. 1832; Georges Tranz. 12mo. pp. 36.

THIS little pamphlet, which is written with clearness and precision, is an answer to the assertions made by M. Gans, in relation to Hegel, his master and friend, in the "Prussian State Gazette," on announcing in it the death of this distinguished philosopher. Before entering upon an examination of this answer, we will give some extracts from the article of M. Gans, which form a biographical notice of Hegel, and appear to us adapted to interest our readers.

"George William Frederic Hegel was born at Stuttgard, August 27th, 1770. At the age of 18, he repaired to the university of Tübingen, or rather to the theological school in that city, with the view of devoting himself to the study of theology, and afterwards to that of philosophy. He was for several years the room-mate of Schelling: and thus a small apartment contained at the same time him, who, in the enthusiasm of youth, was to give a new impulse to philosophy, and him who was called to elaborate it with the profoundness of riper years. Hegel never forgot this youthful attachment; his most intimate friends never heard him detract in the slightest degree, either from the character of Schelling, or from the merits of his system, able as he was to raise himself above it. The first period of Hegel's life coincided with an era of critical agitation. In the west of Europe the ideas of the eighteenth century had shaken the political constitution of society, and in the east, Kant, the founder of modern philosophy, had overthrown the empty dogmatism which prevailed before him. Hegel was affected at the same time by both these commotions, and resolved to devote himself wholly to philosophy. When Fichte appeared with so much splendor upon the scene, at the end of the eighteenth century, he numbered for a time among his disciples Schelling and Hegel, who were soon to oppose and to go beyond him.

"In 1800, Hegel, having come into possession of his paternal estate, repaired to Jena, a city whose university had raised itself to the first rank in Germany, as a school of philosophy. He there endeavoured to spread the principles of Schelling; published a book upon the difference between the systems of Fichte and Schelling, as well as several remarkable articles in the "Critical Journal of Philosophy," and undertook a course in which he was assisted by men who have since gained celebrity by their important labors, as Gabler

of Bayreuth, and Troxler of Lucerne. His residence at Jena also brought him into connexion with Schiller and Goethe, whose sagacity even then detected the fruitful germ which was concealed in him under a somewhat rough bark. Meanwhile political circumstances long prevented the government from doing any thing for Hegel; and when, in 106, after the departure of Schelling, he was appointed Extraordinary Professor of Philosophy, he still received but a very moderate compensation. It was within hearing of the battle of Jena that Hegel finished his Phenomenology of the Mind, a work in which he separated himself for ever from the school of Schelling. In this he established, in direct opposition to the principles of the latter philosopher, that knowledge does not consist in the simple intuition of the absolute, that intellectual intuition is the achievement of philosophical science in its final result, and that a reform was needed in philosophy, to remove that Pindaric style, that tone of mystical enthusiasin, which is the chief failing of the disciples of Schelling, and to restore to philosophy its true form, the scientific form.

"In the autumn of 1808, Hegel was appointed rector of the gymnasium at Nuremberg, where he married Mademoiselle de Tacher, who still survives him, after a union of twenty years. Here he displayed his talents and activity in a new department, that of instruction. The peace which followed the restoration opened a vast field for philosophical labors, and what Hegel had as yet represented only phenomenologically, by degrees assumed, in his mind, objective forms. He published his Logic, the first and principal part of philosophy. It is not composed of the forms of subjective thought alone; for under the name of logic, Hegel also comprehends metaphysics.

"In 1816, he accepted a Professorship of Philosophy which was offered to him at Heidelberg. Here commenced the brilliant period of his philoso phico-academical career. Around him assembled a circle of young pupils in all the branches of study. The originality and profoundness of his system broke through his obscure exposition of it, and displayed themselves even to those who did not yet fully comprehend it. The name of Hegel, hitherto known only among men particularly devoted to philosophical science, became celebrated throughout Germany. But it was upon another stage that Hegel was to carry out his ideas to their full developement, and to extend his fame over Europe. On the publication of his Encyclopædia of the Philosophical Sciences, the first act of the great statesman, then placed at the head of public instruction in Prussia, was to invite Hegel to the University of Berlin. In spite of the efforts of the government of Baden to retain him, Hegel, desirous of widening his sphere of action, accepted the situation offered to him. During the first year he divided the instruction with Solger, then performed its duties alone for twelve years; and, with the assistance of his pupils, many of whom had become masters in their turn, he extended the reputation of his philosophy throughout Europe. The enjoyments of every kind which he found at Berlin, restored to hin the ardor of youth; he delivered at the University nine courses in succession, upon logic and metaphysics, nature, psychology and jurisprudence, history, art, religion, and the history of philosophy. In the exposition of his system, he wanted that facility, that readiness of expression, which is often possessed by ordinary men; but he who did not suffer himself to be repelled by these external defects, felt himself transported into a magic circle, by the clearness which the professor was able to give to every subject, and the energy of his language.

"In the last year of his life, the king of Prussia expressed his sense of his merit by honoring him with the Red Eagle of the third class. Then too his name and his works reached foreign nations. The French, in par

ticular, were attracted by his principles concerning the philosophy of history. Cousin, Chateaubriand, Lherminier, Michelet, and, finally, the Saint Simonians studied him, and brought him into notice; the English placed his writings in their libraries; his name and his works reached even to the New World. Hegel died on the fourteenth of November, 1831, the anniversary of the death of Leibnitz: he rests by the side of Fichte, his illustrious predecessor. His loss will be sensibly felt in the philosophical world, in which he leaves a void that it is impossible to fill. Kant, in his old age, beheld the rise of Fichte; Fichte animated with his spirit the precocious intellect of Schelling; Schelling beheld Hegel growing up by his side, and after having retired for twenty years from philosophical labors, he survives his friend. Hegel leaves behind him a crowd of distin guished disciples, but no successor. Philosophy has now completed its destined circle; further progress can now be made only in conformity to the method marked out, with equal clearness and precision, by the great man whose irreparable loss we are deploring."

It is these last expressions in particular which have provoked the reply of M. de L-i, a reply in which, perhaps, there is a little bitterness of tone. The author objects to the too great importance attributed, in his view, to the philosophical labors of Hegel. At the same time with Hegel, he says, lived another philosopher of an original, vast and independent mind, whose system, in its principles, and in its practical results, is infinitely superior to that of Hegel. The philosopher referred to is M. Frederic Krause (now at Munich). If, heretofore, Krause has not had an extensive field for the employment of his powers, it is because the governments which he has never flattered, have left him without support, and have even endeavoured to throw obstacles in his way; but the worl must soon appreciate the high theological and practical bearing of the system of Krause. We too, who also pride ourselves upon being among the disciples of this philosopher, are a party interested in this contest, and we fully subscribe to every thing advanced by M. de L-i with regard to his system and his character. This pamphlet can be regarded only as the forerunner of a greater conflict, which must soon take place between principles so different as those of Hegel and Krause. The fundamental questions to be examined and decided are clearly laid down in it. Hegel's great merit is his having contributed, by his logic, to establish philosophy upon a deep and fixed basis, and of having guarded it against the superficial tendency which threatened to prevail in Germany. All this is justly appreciated by M. L-i, but at the same time he maintains that the philosophy of Hegel, taken as a point of departure, would carry civilization several ages backward, and that the conclusions relating to the constitution of society, by which it would endeavour to limit the infinite reign of ideas to certain conditions of place and time, to exhibit human nature as having arrived at its most perfect degree of development in the institutions established on the bank of the Spree, and, in a word, to impose on philosophical science the office of being the monograph of the Prussian empire, are contrary to the true spirit of human nature; 7†

VOL. I. NO. I.

and, in fine, that a disciple of Hegel would do wisely to keep silence upon this part of the system of his master. The system of Krause, on the contrary, says the author, embraces human nature in all its intellectual and social aspects. The new spirit of civilization calls for this system as a guide in its future progress. With it a new

era in human nature will commence.

We will not here carry out the ideas which we entertain in common with M. L-i. We have promised to give an exposition of the philosophical system of Krause, which will be admitted into an early number of this Review. The French public will then be able to form an opinion upon this system.

H. AHRENS, of Göttingen.

[Abridged from "The British Critic, No. 24."]

[What follows is the most entertaining part of a long article on the works mentioned, together with an extract or two not found in the review quoted. Captain Mundy's "Sketches" are spoken of in the same style of praise in most of the other notices of them. Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali is an English lady married to a Mussulmaun of India. EDD.]

ART. VIII. 1. Observations on the Mussulmauns of India; descriptive of their Manners, Customs, Habits, and Religious Opinions. Made during a Twelve Years' Residence in their immediate Society. By MRS. MEER HASSAN ALI. 2 vols. London: Parbury, Allen & Co.

2. Pen and Pencil Sketches; being the Journal of a Tour in India. By CAPTAIN MUNDY, late Aide-de-Camp to Lord Combermere. 2 vols. London: Murray.

THESE are precisely the books from which information, on matters of ordinary occurrence in India, may be most agreeably derived; and, although differing from each other in many respects, both as to object and to character, they have quite enough similarity to justify us in classing them together.

From her connection with the Syaads Mrs. Hassan Ali, by right of her husband, derives the honorable title Meer. The Syaads are descendants from Mohammed, and as such form the Mussulmaun aristocracy. Their genealogy is most carefully preserved; and every child born to Syaad parents is taught, as soon as it can speak intelligibly and before it quits the Zeenahnah, to recount its lineage up to Hassan or Hosein, the two sons of Ali by his cousin Fatima, daughter of the Prophet. The daughters, who by birth are hereditary Begums, or Ladies, are rarely matched out of their own race, whatever may be the wealth of the suitor; and many therefore, in consequence of this unbending pride of family, are condemned to celibacy and poverty. Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali speaks of three Syaad ladies with whom she was intimately acquainted,