42 Chemical Notices from Foreign Sources. January 24, 1879. On Thymo-oxy-cuminic Acid. — L. Barth.-The | tains per litre 33 grms. molybdic acid, 141 grms. N2O5 author describes the preparation, properties, and derivatives of this acid at considerable length. On Idrialin.-G. Goldschmiedt.-The author finds this body to contain 91.71 carbon and 5'32 hydrogen, and declares that he cannot see why it should rank with the aromatic hydrocarbons. Double Salts of Cuprous Hyposulphite (Second Memoir).-F. Kessel.--Not suitable for abstraction. On a-Oxpara-toluylic Acid.-E. v. Gerichten and W. Rössler. The authors pronounce this acid identical with Flesch's oxy-toluylic acid. Action of Fuming Nitric Acid and of Nitrous Acid upon Benzol-sulphinic Acid.-W. Koenig.-The author seeks to ascertain whether C18H16N2S306 contains intact the three benzol-sulphuryl residues. On Organic Thio-compounds.-O. Wallach.-The author examines the behaviour of alkyl-bromides and iodides upon natrium-thiacetanilid. New Mode of Formation of Phenyl-glyoxylic Acid.-L. Claisen and F. H. Morley. -Ethyl-glyoxylic ethyl-ether and mercury diphenyl are readily transformed with little loss into phenyl-glyoxylic ethyl-ether and mercury mono-phenyl-chloride. On Triphenyl-methan.-E. and O. Fischer.-The authors have obtained from this compound both_triphenyl-methan-cyanide and triphenyl-acetic acid. They effected this object by heating triphenyl-methan-chloride with an excess of mercury cyanide. Action of Halogens upon the Salts of Guanidin. -J. Kamenski.-In this memoir the author examines the behaviour of guanidin carbonate with bromine and chlorine. Chrysarobin and Alleged Chrysophanic Acid in Goa-powder.-C. Liebermann and P. Seidler.-The authors hold that the substance originally present in this powder is not chrysophanic acid, and that acid, as actually detected by Attfield, they consider a product of conversion. For the original substance they propose Attfield's synonym chrysarobin. Synthesis of Anthrarufin and Chrysazin from Anthracen.-C. Liebermann.-On treating anthracen with sulphuric acid the authors obtained two disulphoacids, one of which lead through an easy series of conversions to anthrarufin (Schunck and Römer) and the other to chrysazin. Disulphanthracenic Acid and its Conversion into Anthrarufin.-C. Liebermann and K. Boeck.-A detailed description of the former reaction mentioned in the previous paper. Formulæ of Rhamnetin and Xantho-rhamnin.-C. Liebermann and O. Hörmann.-The authors assign to rhamnetin the formula C12H1605, and to xantho-rhamnin C48H66022 Certain Derivatives of Cœrulignon.-H. Ewald.A description of hydrocœrulignon potassium, hexamethoxyl-diphenyl, dibrom-hexa-methoxyl-diphenyl, and dichlor-hexa-methoxyl-diphenyl. Three Isomeric Tolidins.-A. Goldschmidt.-In addition to the tolidin obtained by Petriew the author has obtained two others. The paper contains an account of meta-azo-toluol, meta-hydrazo-toluol, and sulphate of tolidin. On Hydrocarbons obtained by the Action of Aluminium Chloride upon Chlor-methyl and Benzol. E. Ador and A. Rilliet.—An examination of xylols. Determination of Phosphoric Acid as Ammonic Phospho-molybdate.-R. Finkener.-Hydrochloric and nitric acids hinder or delay the formation of the yellow precipitate, whilst dissolved molybdic acid promotes or accelerates it. Hydrochloric acid in the solution acts more powerfully than nitric, and ammonic nitrate more powerfully than ammonic chloride. The author's solution con and 194 grms. NH3. When precipitating phosphoric acid the quantity of free nitric acid must always be more than enough to prevent the formation of a precipitate in the absence of phosphoric acid, but a considerable quantity of nitrate of ammonia may be dissolved in the liquid. In ordinary cases the phosphoric acid will be totally premixture is added as to make up four times the volume of cipitated in less than twelve hours, if so much molybdic the phosphoric solution, and if in every 100 c.c. of the mixture there are dissolved 25 grms. nitrate of ammonium. For washing the precipitate is employed a strong solution (20 per cent) of ammonic nitrate, to which at first onethirtieth of its volume of nitric acid is added. The washing is completed when the washings are no longer coloured by potassium ferrocyanide. The precipitate may be brought into a condition fit for weighing by the following operations :-After removing most of the ammonic nitrate by means of water the contents of the filter are washed into a weighed porcelain crucible. Anything adhering to the solution is concentrated by evaporation, nitric acid is the paper is dissolved in a little warm dilute ammonia, added in excess, the whole is quickly poured into the porcelain crucible, the liquid is expelled by evaporation, and the nitrate of ammonia driven off by a flame moderated by wire gauze. The residue is hygroscopic, and must be cooled over sulphuric acid and quickly weighed in the covered crucible. Diazo-compounds of the Fatty Series (First Memoir). W. Zorn.--By treating ethyl-iodide with silver nitrosyl the author obtained a compound C2H,NO, almost as readily and as violently explosive as the chloride of nitrogen. Discovery of Vanillin in Siamese Benzoin.-P. Jannasch and C. Rump.-This paper contains merely the analytical evidence that the substance detected was vanillin. Preparation of Nitrous Acid.-G. Lunge.-For the preparation of nitrous acid, whether by means of arsenious acid or starch, should be used nitric acid of sp. gr. 130 to 135, and almost entirely free from hyponitrous acid. Action of Ethyl Iodide upon Silver Maleate and Fumarate.-R. Anschütz.-The author's object is to decide the isomerism of maleic and fumaric acids by a comparative study of their derivatives. On Alizarin Blue.-C. Græbe.-The author shows by his experiments that the correct formula for this compound is C17H2NO4. By heating it with zinc-powder he obtains a new base, C17HIN, whose salts are all golden yellow, and in solution display an intense green fluores cence. Experimental Determinations of Position.—A. Ladenburg. Not suitable for abstraction. On Certain Phenyl-aldehydins.-A. Ladenburg and T. Engelbrecht.-An account of phenyl-benzaldehydin and phenyl-furfuraldehydin. On the Aldehydins.-A. Ladenburg.-The author describes dibenzyliden-amido-benzoic acid; tolufurfuraldehydin, which latter body possesses an intense bitter taste recalling that of strychnin and acts upon animals as a powerful poison; and, lastly, phenyl-anisaldehydin. Naphtho-picric Acid and Certain of its Derivatives. T. Diehl and V. Merz.-The authors describe the preparation of this acid and the following of its derivatives: of the same name, and the platinic double salt. -Amido-diimido-naphthol hydrochlorate, the chromate The Formula of Uric Acid.-H. B. Hill.-The author admits an error as to the originai authorship of a structural formula. Tetra-nitroxy-sulpho-benzide.-J. Annaheim.-This compound, C12H6N4SO12, is a solid, straw-coloured body, of an intensely bitter taste, melting at 253°, and deflagrating at higher temperatures. On Mucobromic Acid.-O. R. Jackson and H. B. Hill. An account of the preparation and of certain derivatives of this acid. Analysis of the Mineral Spring Marienbrunnen, at Huckstelle, Westphalia.-H. Vohl. Analysis of the Bitter Water of Rákóczy, from Buda.-H. Vohl.-The interest of these two papers, if any, is medical rather than chemical. QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE. Edited by WILLIAM CROOKES, F.R.S., &c. Now ready, No. LXI., January, 1879, price 5s. I. On the Thickness of the Antarctic Ice, and its Relations to Atomic Weights and Factors-Useful Data-Chemical Calculations -Rules for Indirect Analysis-Weights and Measures-ThermoSolubility of Substances-Methods of obtaining Specific Gravitymeters and Barometers-Chemical Physics-Boiling-points, &c.Conversion of Hydrometers-Strength of Solutions by Specific Gravity-Analysis-Gas Analysis-Water Analysis-Qualitative Analysis and Reactions-Volumetric Analysis-Manipulation-MineralogyAssaying Alcohol Beer- Sugar - Miscellaneous Technological Matter relating to Potash, Soda, Sulphuric Acid, Chlorine, Tar Products, Petroleum, Milk, Tallow, Photography, Prices, Wages, &c. London: E. and F. N. SPON, 46, Charing Cross. New York: 446, Broome Street. 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The Authors of "A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of SULPHURIC ACID," with nearly 100 new illustrations (Sampson, Low, and Co., 188, Fleet Street, E.C.) are prepared to furnish plans and advice and superintend the erection of plant in all parts of the world. Address, L. and L., CHEMICAL NEWS Office, Boy Court, Ludgate Hill, London, E.C. Situation wanted by a Competent Analyst as Assistant or Principal. Good teacher. Apply, Public Analyst, CHEMICAL NEWS Office, Boy Court, Ludgate Hill, London, E.C. Wanted, to exchange complete numbers of "Nature" for 1878 for complete CHEMICAL NEWS for same period, in good condition.-Apply to M., CHEMICAL NEWS Office, Bo Court, Ludgate Hill, London, E.C. Wanted, a Foreman in Superphosphate Works. Capable of undertaking the making of Sulphuric II. Gravitation as a Factor in the F.R.S. III. Sanitary Science in the United States: Its Present and its Future. By Albert R. Leeds, Ph.D. IV. The Course of Nature. By Prof. Simon Newcomb. V. Peruvian Antiquities. By E. R. Heath, M.D. Notices of Scientific Works, Obituary, &c. of Practical Chemistry. Must have been used to the Manufacture of Chemical Products.-Address, stating wages expected, experience acquired, and all particulars, to Chemist, care of Messrs. G. Street and.Co., 30, Cornhill, E.C. Water-glass, or Soluble Silicates of Soda and Potash, in large or small quantities, and either solid or in solution, at ROBERT RUMNEY'S, Ardwick Chemical Works Manchester. WILLIAM AND WILLIAM T. FIELD, MANUFACTURERS of the Celebrated STAFFORDShire blue BRICKS, specially adapted for Chemical Plant, i.e., Acid Towers, &c. Also all other kinds of Best Staffordshire Blue Bricks, Pavings, Plynths, Splays, Copings, &c. &c. Prices and samples on Application. TESTIMONIAL. "We have used the Blue Staffordshire Brick for Sulphuric Acid Towers, &c., manufactured by Messrs. Field, for the last fifteen years, during which time they have given great satisfaction. We recommend them to the Chemical Trade, believing there is nothing better in the market."-(Signed) WILLIAM HUNT and SONS, Lea Brook Alkali Works, near Wednesbury, Staffordshire, February, 1878. TOLL END BRICK-WORKS, 44 THE Advertisements. USING NEW FASHION OF at Home Dyes Prepared Free from Arsenic has not yet met with the appreciation it deserves. There is consequently still a great deal to be done before it will be properly introduced to the Public, by whom it is at present very little known, but by whom it could easily be learned, as it is so practical and exceedingly simple in its application. I therefore now take the liberty to call attention to the under-mentioned advantages which this article offers for every household, and recommend it strongly to the Trade as an easy selling and good paying thing. 1. All my preparations are entirely free of poison, and possess a very considerable intensity and beauty of colour. 2. The dye preserves its different colours in wool, half-wool, cotton, and silk in a degree not yet attained by any other preparation. 3. The dye is made up in small packets of different colours, ready for sale, and in order to facilitate each colour being distinguished, every packet has the complete instructions how to use the dye printed on it in the same colour. For the approaching Easter Festival I beg to recommend my EGG-DYES in different colours, such as ROSE, SKY-BLUE, YELLOW, ORANGE, and CARMINE. They are entirely free from Poison, and of a splendid hue, in little packets with complete directions. Price id. each, with equivalent reductions. My preparations decidedly deserve the preference to all other articles of the kind as yet brought before the public notice, on account principally of their purity and brilliancy of colours, and as they are composed of only the best materials the colours are of unequalled intensity. SAMPLES OF DYED WOOLS ARE TO BE HAD GRATIS OF HERMANN FRAHNERT, OUEDLINBURG BISULPHIDE OF CARBON, RED OXIDE OXYCHLORIDE Sulphocyanide, And every other Mercurial Preparation. BISULPHITE OF LIME, TETRACHLORIDE OF CARBON, Oxysulphuret of Antimony, Glacial Acetic Acid, LIQUOR AMMONIÆ, PURE ACIDS, CHLORIDE OF SULPHUR, ACETONE, CHLOROFORM, ALDEHYDE, CHLORATE BARYTA, FRUIT ESSENCES FOR CON- PERCHLORIDE OF IRON, (GERMANY). DAVIS'S NITROMETER, 15/. MOTTERSHEAD & CO., IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL APPARATUS, 7, Exchange Street and 10, Half Moon Street, MANCHESTER. Illustrated Priced Catalogues Six Penny Stamps. Orders over 40s accompanied by a remittance are delivered Carriage paid at any Railway Station in England. SULPHITE AND HYPOSUL- JAMES WOOLLEY, SONS, & CO., PHITE OF SODA, PHOSPHATES OF SODA AND 69, MARKET STREET, MANCHESTER, DEALERS IN CHEMICAL AND SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS FOR THE USE OF SCALE AND GRANULAR PRE- ANALYSTS, SCIENCE TEACHERS, AND MANUFACTURERS PARATIONS. Price Lists on application. DARTON'S GIMEN POCKET DIRECT-VISION Retort Stands, Bunsen's Burners, Gas Furnaces, and Chemica F. DARTON & CO., Nitrous and Nitric Acids, as described in CHEMICAL NEWS of 45, ST. JOHN STREET, WEST SMITHFIELD, E.C., July 12th, can now be supplied. Absorption Apparatus for Oxygen Estimation now ready. Particulars on application MAWSON and SWAN Newcastle-on-Tyne. (ESTABLISHED 1834), Makers to the Science and Art Department, South Kensington.. WHILE working last year on an experiment to determine the mean density of the earth by the balance, I had to measure such an exceedingly small difference of weight, that I could not at that time estimate it by means of a rider, but was obliged to adopt the method described in this paper. Stated generally, it consists in treating the balance as a pendulum. Knowing the nature of the pendulum (that is its moment of inertia) and its time of vibration, we can calculate what force acting at the end of one arm of the beam will produce a given angular deflection. It is, in fact, an application to the common balance of the method which has always been used with the torsion balance when it has been necessary to calculate the forces measured in absolute measure. I cannot find any record of a previous application of the method, and as it might be of use in very delicate weighings, or in verifying the small weights in a laboratory, I have thought it worth while to give a full account of it. When small quantities of the second order are neglected, and the oscillations are of the first order, it will easily be found that the equation of motion of the beam of the balance is (MI2+2Pa1Ö+(2Ph+Mgk)0=ap... g (1) The results given in this paper were obtained with a 16-inch chemical balance by Oertling. The exact length of the half beam (a) measured by a dividing engine is 20 2484 centimetres. To find the Moment of Inertia MI of the Beam.-The simplest way theoretically would appear to be this. Find the times of vibration ti t2 and the deflections 01 02 due to the same excess with two different loads P1 P2 in each pan. Equating the values of p given for each by equation (4) we have— MgI2+2Pia 02t1 MgI+2P2a1t22 An equation which will give MgI' in terms of known quantities. But on trial it was found that a very small proportional error in the observed time made a large error in the value of MgI2, and the following method, that usually adopted in magnetic observations, was employed in preference. A stirrup was suspended by a platinum wire, and its time of vibration (ti) against the force of torsion (u) of the wire was observed. The moment of inertia of the stirrup being S we have Now Bg was calculated from the weight and dimensions of the bar to be 6332-83 (in centimetres and grammes The observed times were t = 3.6792"; t2 = 4'495" t3=71483". From these values we find MgI2=35651.6.* To Measure 0.--The angle of deflection was measured by the number of divisions of the scale which the pointer moved over. As the length of the pointer is 32 1006 centimetres, while 20 divisions of the scale measure 2.5658 centimetres, a tenth of a division, in terms of which the deflection was measured, corresponds to an angle of 0'0003996. The oscillations were observed from a distance of 6 or 8 feet by a telescope. The resting-point (i.e., the point where the balance would be in equilibrium) was found in the usual way by observing the three successive extremities of two swings, and taking the mean of the second and the mean of the first and third. Five determinations of the resting-point were usually made with the excess to be measured alternately added and removed. From these five, three values of the deflection (n), due to the excess, were calculated in a manner which will be seen from the example below. The Time of Vibration. This was found from several determinations of the time of ten oscillations. The method will be seen from the example. No correction was needed for the resistance of the air as long as the vibrations did not exceed two divisions of the scale. When, however, they were much more than that the time of vibration was found to increase with the arc. As the time of vibration frequently changes slightly, probably through variations of temperature, it was usually observed before *To this a small correction should be added if the adjusting bob is not in its lowest position, This amounts to 76 for each turn of the screw, and may therefore in general be neglected. 46 Apparatus for Production of Ferrous Salts for Titration. and after the determination of the deflection (n), and the mean of the two taken as the true time. The following example of the determination of the value of a centigramme rider by placing it half-way along the beam will sufficiently explain the details of the method. TIME OF VIBRATION AT Commencement. Pointer apparently Moving from Left to Right. Observed time No. of of passage of pointer through resting-point. Observed time Mean value of 10 vibrations 127 CHEMICAL NEWS, an angle of o'0003996 in circular measure formula (4), expressed in milligrms., becomes n p=0'3996 (MgI3 +2Pa3) In our present example n=35·83 ti + ta MgI'=35651 p=5'724 milligrm. The length of time occupied in this determination was not quite a quarter of an hour. The following table contains a series of results which I have obtained of the weight of two centigramme riders, the first of which was accidentally destroyed after the conclusion of the fourth determination. As the rider was always placed at division 5 on the beam, the values given in the table are double those actually obtained :— Time of 10 No. of Mean value of 10 vibrations Mean of means = 126.875. DETERMINATION OF DEFLECTION n. Extremities Resting- ceding and Point. succeeding t Mgl2+2Pa2 Excess Weight. of Oscillation. resting-points. 2nd. Necessity for some form of support for tube. Having recently had occasion to execute a considerable number of determinations of metallic iron in samples of steel and iron, I constructed an apparatus entirely free from these defects, and very much more simple and convenient to manipulate. The following is a description of the new arrangement, which will be readily understood by the aid of the accompanying cut. A is a flask of 200 c.c. capacity; B, a glass funnel 7 m.m. diameter; c, a glass tube of such a size as just to pass through stem of funnel B. D, an india-rubber joint connecting B and C and forming a perfectly tight joint; E, an india-rubber stopper, bored so as to pass stiffly upon c. Perhaps a word upon the construction and use of the apparatus may be admissible. Having selected a tube of the proper size, the upper bend is turned on so that the point of the tube c, which should be narrowed to 1.5 m.m., falls into the apex of B. B is then placed in position and secured by D; the stopper E is next fitted on C, and finally the lower bend of c is turned on, taking care to allow so much tube as will prevent E being injured by heat. * For this as for several other cases I removed the pans, and hung the weights directly by fine wires from the suspended pieces. By this means the resistance of the air was very much diminished. |