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22

Chemical Notices from Foreign Sources.

Novel Phenomenon of Static Electricity.-E. Duter. In reply to the memoir of M. Govi (December 2) the author does not admit that his researches can be viewed as a continuation of those of the Italian physicist. Artificial Production of Nepheline and Amphigene.-F. Fouqué and A. Michel Levy.-These minerals have been obtained by the same method used by the authors for the reproduction of felspars.

CHEMICAL NEWS,
January 10, 1879.

ditions which C. Bernard seems to have met with in the Hæmocyanin, a New Substance from the Blood experiments, the account of which has unfortunately of Octopus vulgaris.-L. Fredericq.-The liquid porreached us in so imperfect a manner. Nevertheless, I tion of the blood of the cuttles contains a colourless considered it useful to science to publish them, such as albumenoid substance, forming with oxygen an unstable they are, with the object not of opening a controversy but compound of a deep blue colour. This substance plays, of pointing out a new path for research." By simulta in the respiration of the cuttles, the same part as does neously hydrogenising and oxidising sugar M. Berthelot hæmoglobin in that of the Vertebrata. The veinous has in fact succeeded in producing alcohol, though in blood of the cuttles is colourless, but the arterial is a dark very small proportions. He considers that his present blue. If hæmocyanin is ignited it leaves an ash rich in results do not warrant a definite conclusion, for the limit copper, which seems to be in the same condition and to may be due as much to the inaccuracy of the fundamental | fulfil the same functions as does iron in hæmoglobin. hypothesis as to the imperfection of the conditions. Influence of the Different Colours of the Spectrum Still, he considers the fact that alcohol has been produced on the Development of Animals.-E. Yung.-Referin the cold by the electrolysis of a solution of sugar merits ring to earlier researches on this subject the author states to be placed on record. that M. Beclard placed the eggs of Musca carnaria under glasses of different colours, and remarked that they were developed very unequally, those under the blue and violet ray being the most developed, and those under the green ray the least so. He arranges the rays, as regards the development of larvæ, in the following order :-Violet, blue, red, yellow, white, green. The author has carried the common and esculent frog, of the trout, and of on for three years a series of observations on the eggs of Lymnea stagnalis. These eggs were placed in vessels plunged respectively into violet, blue, green, yellow, red, and white solutions, whilst one vessel was kept in a dark closet. Violet light accelerates the development in a blue, the yellow, and the white. Red and green light appear injurious, as the author was not able to obtain the complete development of ova in these colours. Darkness did not hinder development, but retarded it, contrary to the results of Higginbottom and MacDonnell. colours may be arranged in the following series of diminishing activity:-Violet, blue, yellow, and white (which are nearly equal), darkness, red, and green. Tadpoles deprived of food died more rapidly of inanition under the violet and blue rays than under the others. The general mortality seemed lowest in white light.

Spectrometric Measurement of High Temperatures.-A. Crova.-The spectrometric study of the luminous radiations emitted by incandescent bodies has led the author to the discovery of a new method of deter-remarkable manner, and is followed in this respect by the mining elevated temperatures by the analysis of the light which they emit. If we take, in the continuous spectra of light emittted by two incandescent sources, the one of known temperature, T, and the other of unknown temperature, x, two simple radiations of very different wavelengths, A and A', to which we may refer all our measurements, and determine by means of a spectro-photometer

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of the intensity of the two rays λ and X' in the two spectra. The quotient of these two ratios represents the ratio of the intensities of the ray A' in the two spectra when the more intense has been lowered so as to give the same intensity to the ray A in the two spectra.

Specific Heat and Melting Temperature of Palladium.-J. Violle.-The mean specific heat of palladium at 100° = 00592. Its melting temperature is 1500°.

Influence of Temperature on Rotatory Magnetic Power.-J. Joubert. In the author's experiments the rotatory power was found to increase with the rise of temperature.

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Density of Coefficients of Expansion of Liquid Chloride of Methyl.-MM. C. Vincent and Delachanal. -The sp. gr. at -23.7° o'9945; at +39° = 0·87886. The values found for the three coefficients a, 6, 7, respectively, are o‘00193929, 0*00000183121, and 0'000000105916. Oxidation of Certain Aromatic Derivatives.-A. Etard.--On oxidising various organic compounds by means of chromic chlorhydrine the author observed very different reactions, and found that its mode of action is principally regulated by the nature of the body acted upon and by that of the substituted groups which it contains. Thus there are formed acetons, aldehyds, and quinons, whilst hydrochloric acid, or even chlorine, is liberated as an accessory product; in other cases there is no escape of gas, an immediate and total combination being formed.

Nature of Certain Crystalline Secondary Products Obtained in the Industrial Treatment of Pennsylvanian Petroleum.-L. Prunier and R. David. Among these accessory products are found the carburetted derivatives of acetylen and benzin (anthracen, chrysen, &c.) discovered in the products of the distillation of coal,

The

Gazzetta Chimica Italiana.
Anno viii., 1878. Fasc. vi. and vii.
Crystalline Form of Usnic Acid.-P. Freda.-The
same remark applies to this memoir.

Preparation of Digallic Acid.-Dr. P. Freda.-A criticism on the method proposed by Prof. Hugo Schiff. The author finds that on heating gallic acid with arsenic acid, whether in alcoholic or aqueous solution, a substance is obtained having some reactions similar to tannic acid. This substance constantly contains arsenic acid, and if this is removed the compound is re-converted into gallic acid.

On a-Iso-chloro-butyric Acid and some of its Derivatives.-L. Balbiano.- The derivatives are oxyiso-butyric, metacrylic, and dibutylatic acids.

and Musts.-Prof. E. Pollacci. -Sulphate of lime reacts New Phenomena Observed in "Plastering "Wines solely upon the cream of tartar, producing acid sulphate of potassa, which remains in solution, while tartrate of lime is formed and is chiefly deposited. The reaction between the two salts is not complete, since there may be found in the liquid both sulphate of lime and cream of tartar. If the gypsum is in large excess a part of it is deposited among the tartrate of lime.

Les Mondes, Revue Hebdomadaire des Sciences.
No. 14, December 5, 1878.

Agoraphobia.-Dr. Legrand du Saule. -The author has studied a novel nervous affection, which manifests itself in a dread of open spaces.

NEWS

10,

Biedermann's Central-blatt.
Heft 12.

Researches on the Influence of Artificial Manures upon the Growth of Summer Barley.-Dr. G. Marek.The author conludes that on fruitful soils artificial manures are untrustworthy for barley. Unmanured plots often yield better results than such as are manured.

Experiments with Sugar Beets in Different Soils and with Different Manures.-Dr. J. Hanamann.The author draws no conclusions from his experiments. Composition of Wool and Hair.-P. Schutzenberger. From Comptes Rendus, 1878, pp. 767-69.

On Certain Animated Enemies of Cultivated Plants and their Destruction.--M. Schaefer.-An account of certain insects hostile chiefly to the vine. Among the remedies proposed are sodium sulphide, petroleum, and a mixture of an alcoholic extract of tobacco, with bisulphide of carbon.

Wine-Testing and Chemical Analysis.-Drs. E.

Mach and Patele.-The authors show that wines on

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Russian Scientific News.-At the Technical Society of St. Petersburg M. Latchinoff delivered a very interesting lecture on the electric light. He made some experiments with Jablochkoff's condensators, which consist of a set of plate is o'7 square metre. Between every pair of such tin plates placed one on another; the surface of every plates a piece of silk covered with varnish is introduced. The height of the condensator was about 6 feet. On introducing two condensators into a circuit the intensity of the electric light is doubled. Such condensators are not cheap owing to the great quantity of silk wanted, and thus the application of this apparatus is limited. The lecturer believes the new system of electric lighting deOn the Influence of Temperature in Malting.-Akoff's process. The chief advantage of the new system is vised by M. Rapieff to be a serious opponent of JablochPrantl and Hans von der Planitz.-Not susceptible of that the luminating point does not change its position, and

analysis often display properties not suspected from their taste. Sorts rich in alcohol are often pronounced light, and others strongly acid seem mild, &c. These seeming contradictions are due to the fact that wine is a most complicated liquid, whose components are by no means all known. Even among the recognised and more prominent ingredients, it is not so much the quantity of one or the other as their relative proportion which determines the flavour.

useful abstraction.

Oino-Chemical Researches.-Dr. M. Buchner.-In order to solve the question whether a given wine is natural or fictitious, in the former certain proportions prevail between the quantities of extract, alcohol, and ash. If the relative proportion of these constituents vary from the normal standard, or if the total is too high or too low, the case is suspicious.

A Source of Error in the Determination of Fat in Milk. Dr. L. Maneth and Dr. G. Musso.-The authors maintain that if milk, evaporated down along with sand, is extracted with ether, the ether driven off, the residue again extracted with ether and driven off, and the final residue extracted with sulphide of carbon, there remain certain strongly acid drops, of a yellow or deep red colour, soluble in ether and water, but insoluble in fat or in sulphide of carbon. At 100° they take a darker colour and become almost resinous. The authors consider them as impure lactic acid. In recent milk there is little of this substance, and hence there is very little difference between the weight of the residue from the original extraction with ether and that of the residue from the evaporation of sulphide of carbon. There is more difference in old milks, and especially in cheese. The authors state that in milk evaporated to dryness at high temperatures there occurs a wax-like matter, sparingly soluble in ether, which greatly impedes and protracts the process of extraction. (The editor of the Milch-Zeitung, from which the above paper is taken, does not find a double extraction of the milk residue with ether requisite. If a proper apparatus is used, the first ethereal extract is perfectly clear, and leaves on evaporation clear fat, in which no drops of foreign matter are present).

Investigations on the Nitrogenous Food of Fungi. -Th. Schlösing and A. Müntz.-From the Comptes Rendus, 1878, p. 892.

Analysis of Stag and Roe Horns and of the Horns of an Ox.-Prof. W. Vesely.-Stag, 50 480 ash, 7.88 moisture; fallow-deer, 50-640 ash, 898 moisture; roe, 47.830 ash, 9:42 moisture; ox, 1167, 8.75 moisture-the difference in each case being organic matter. The ash

contained :

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therefore this system is more suitable for the projection of the electric light at a distance. This advantage will give increase to the use of the electric light for military purposes.

M. Greegorieff, of the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy of Moscow, has made some interesting experiments concerning the quality of milk sold in various places in the city of Moscow. In large towns of Europe the falsification of milk has given rise to a great number of investigations, and this question was discussed in detail. It appears that in Moscow the milk sellers mix water very moderately in a few cases, and have altogether little knowledge about the "chemicals," viz., chalk, starch, flour, &c. In all the samples analysed, no such "chemicals were present. The 64 samples of milk were taken from the following places in Moscow:-Samples A, from peasants living in the vicinity of the town (17); samples B, milk from the town cows (6); samples C, from small grocers' shops (14); samples D, from milk shops (22); samples E, milk of the Academical farm.

The following are the average results of the analyses of these milks:

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A. B.

C.
Samples.

D.

E.

88 13 88'08 89 16 87.48 87'53 11.87 1192 10'84 12:52 12:47 2.76 2.39 1'55 3°13 4'10 Mineral substance .. 0.87 0'79 0'71 0.69 0.67 As compared with an average analysis of normal milks from healthy cows, the first four samples cannot be called bad specimens. For comparison the following analysis (average) may be mentioned :Water

Dry substance
Fat..

Mineral substance

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24

Composition and Quality of the Metropolitan Water.

COMPOSITION AND QUALITY OF THE

DECEMBER, 1878.

METROPOLITAN

THE following are the returns of the Society of Medical Officers of Health:

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West Middlesex

Clear

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0'075 23.70 8.400 0·684 0.64 1240
0'089 23 30 7.800 0·648 0.72
0'115 22:20 7'110 0'720 0'72 1'400
0'073 22.50 6.720 0720 072
0.103 22:00 7'040 0'576 0.72 1630

1.860

15'9 4'00 14'3 4'20

14'3 4'60

1600

14.8 5.10

14'3 5'10

17.6 5'10

0064 1 060

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The quantities of the several constituents are stated in grains per imperial gallon. NOTE.—The amount of oxygen required to oxidise the organic matter, nitrites, &c., is determined by a standard solution of permanganate of potash acting for three hours.

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Price ONE SHILLING and SIXPENCE.

In addition to the usual articles on subjects of present scientific interest and reviews of scientific works, the MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

he Authors of "A Practical Treatise on the SCIENCE will contain abstracts of papers read before the Scientific

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Wanted, a Foreman in Superphosphate throughout the Kingdom. Wholesale of Barclay and Sons; Bur

Works. Capable of undertaking the making of Sulphuric

Acid and mixing. First class references required. He must be a married man. Apply to Edward Toynbee, Saxilby, Lincoln.

E. MOORE AND CO.,

29, POLYGON, AND HENRY ST., MARYLEBONE RD., N.W

WATER.

An

hydride.

{CHEMICAL NEWS,

January 10, 1879.

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January 17, 1879.

THE CHEMICAL NEWS. Na FeCy.)

VOL. XXXIX. No. 999.

ESTIMATION OF CYANOGEN IN SODA-LYES.
By FERD. HURTER Ph.D. F.I.C

I C.C. =

001013] grm.

copper are diluted to 1 litre.
This process, from its extreme simplicity, will commend
itself for approximate comparative examinations.
The ferrocyanide of copper, if present in larger quanti-
ties than those indicated above, hides too much the blue
colour of the Prussian blue, and must be separated before
applying the ferrous sulphate. Moreover, in concentrated
solutions, the precipitate of ferricyanide of copper contains
more cyanogen per atom of copper than the formula
Cuz Fe2Cy12 requires. In dilute solutions, however, the
amount of copper solution required is such as to corres-

THE cyanogen compounds which occur in soda-lyes are pond sufficiently close with the formula above stated; and the following:

Sodium ferrocyanide,

Sodium sulphocyanide,

Sodium cyanate.

Though in crude soda (black-ash) the cyanogen is contained as cyanides, the soda-lye obtained therefrom contains no cyanides. During the lixiviation the cyanides are transformed into ferrocyanides, and all the vat-liquors I have yet investigated contained more iron in solution If, however, than the cyanogen would account for. sodium cyanide is present at all it is readily converted into ferrocyanide by boiling the liquid with freshly precipitated protoxide of iron.

considering that not one of the many other compounds contained in soda-lyes interferes with this process of estimating the cyanogen, it will rival in accuracy any other volumetric process devised for this purpose.

If it is apprehended that the solution under examination contains cyanide of sodium beside ferrocyanides, it must first be boiled with a small quantity of ferrous oxide, produced by adding a little ferrous sulphate. The solution is then oxidised, acidified, and is ready for testing. The sulphocyanide is present in traces only. It can approximately be estimated by acidifying the solution under examination, adding some chloride of zinc to precipitate ferrocyanide of zinc. The solution is then filtered, and the filtrate coloured by means of ferric chloride. In a second vessel an equal quantity of ferric chloride, diluted to the bulk of the solution under examination, is coloured by means of a solution of sulphocyanide of potassium of known strength, until the tint of both solutions is alike. The sulphocyanide and the cyanate are practically of The amount of sulphocyanide thus consumed is in some no importance, as they yield colourless products of decom-degree a measure of the sulphocyanide contained in the position during the further treatment of the soda. The lye, but this is usually so small that its estimation is of no chief problem to the chemists of alkali works, consists, practical utility. therefore, in the rapid estimation of the ferrocyanides. The following method will be found exceedingly rapid, and sufficiently accurate for solutions containing not more than 2 grms. of sodium cyanide per litre.

The most important of the cyanogen compounds to the manufacturer is the ferrocyanide, since this salt brings into the solution a sufficient amount of iron to colour the finished product slightly brown.

When soluble ferricyanides are mixed with salts of

|

Laboratory of Messrs. Gaskell, Deacon, and Co.,
Widnes, January, 1879.

MINERAL ACIDS.*

By R. S. DALE, B.A, and C. SCHORLEMMER, F.R.S.

copper a yellow precipitate of ferricyanide of copper is ON THE COMBINATIONS OF AURIN WITH formed. If a proto-salt of iron is added afterwards a blue precipitate will be formed so long as any ferricyanide exists still in solution. As soon, however, as all the ferricyanide has been precipitated, the addition of a ferrous salt produces no longer a blue colour, but reacts upon the ferricyanide of copper, reducing it to ferrocyanide of similar composition to that obtained on adding to an excess of ferrocyanide of potassium a copper solution gradually. The reaction is represented by the following equation:

CuzFe2Cy12+2HC1+2FeCl2=Cu3H2Fe2Cy12+ Fe2C16. This reaction suggests an indirect estimation of the cyanogen compounds by measuring the amount of protoxide of iron which can be transformed into peroxide. It is not, however, this which forms the principle of the method now to be described, and which makes use of the above reaction simply as indicator.

100 c.c. of the strong soda-lye are oxidised by means of chlorine, hypochlorite of soda, or, simpler, bleachingpowder solution, until the whole of the sulphides, &c., are converted into sulphates, and the ferrocyanide into ferricyanide; the solution, after being acidified and freed as much as possible from excess of chlorine by warming and agitating, is ready for titrating.

On porcelain slab sprinkle a few drops of a dilute solution of ferrous sulphate (1 part of ferrous sulphate to Add now to the solution to be 100 parts of water). analysed a twentieth normal copper solution from a burette until a drop of the solution, on being brought in contact with a drop of ferrous sulphate solution, no longer gives a blue colour, but yields the pure purple colour of cupric ferrocyanide. The copper solution is prepared by dissolving pure metallic copper in as little nitric acid as possible, and diluting with distilled water. (3'17 grms. of

IN our last communication† we stated that by the action of acetyl chloride on aurin we obtained a colourless crystalline compound, which we intended to examine more closely. We have since found that this body is identical with a compound which Gräbe and Carot obtained by the direct union of aurin and acetic anhydride and having the formula C19H1403+C4H603.

We also mentioned that the purification of this substance was found to be beset with several difficulties. The cause of this was found out after some trouble, but at the same time we were rewarded by the discovery of a series of remarkable bodies, consisting of combinations of aurin with mineral acids.

These salts, as we may call them, are beautiful bodies, crystallising exceedingly well, and although some of them are decomposed by water, they are very stable in dry air. To their discovery we were led by the following observations.

On heating aurin with glacial acetic acid and acetyl chloride, the crystals lose at once their steel-blue lustre and assume a pale red colour. To obtain the compound thus formed in a pure state, acetyl chloride was added to a saturated solution of aurin in acetic acid. The liquid assumed at once a much lighter colour, and soon pale red needle-shaped crystals having a diamond lustre separated out. On re-crystallising these repeatedly from alcohol

*Read before the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society December 10, 1878.

+ Proc. Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1878, 141, and CHEM, NEWS, vol. xxxviii., p. 34. Ber. Deutsch. Chem. Gesell., xi., 1, 122.

26

Influence of Chloroform on Nitrification.

{CHMMICAL NEWS,

January, 17, 1879.

we obtained oblong six-sided plates, which, as analysis | easily takes piace, pure aurin being left behind, but it apshowed, were pure aurin.

On treating the original crystals with water they become dull and brownish red, the solution containing acetic and hydrochloric acids. It therefore seemed not improbable that an additive product of aurin and acetyl chloride had been formed, containing, however, also acetic acid, as a superficial examination showed that the liquid contained, to one molecule of hydrochloric acid, much more than one molecule of acetic acid. We therefore tried to obtain an analogous benzoyl compound, and to determine in it, after decomposition with water, the relative quantities of hydrochloric and benzoic acids.

On adding benzoyl chloride to a hot solution of aurin in acetic acid, similar crystals as before were obtained, which, after being dried on filter-paper in dry air, were decomposed by water, but only hydrochloric and acetic acid went into solution, and on heating the product with water or alkalies but a mere trace of benzoic acid could be detected.

These facts, coupled with the observation that the bright red needles which, as we stated in our former paper, are formed by crystallising aurin from hot aqueous hydrochloric acid, retain the latter obstinately, led us to the conclusion that this acid forms a definite compound with aurin.

Such a body could be formed under the above conditions, as our glacial acetic acid contained a little water. Moreover, Mr. Charles Lowe had informed us that the splendid specimen of aurin which he exhibited at Paris was obtained in the following way:-The crude but crystalline aurin, which is obtained by heating pure phenol with sulphuric and oxalic acids, was dissolved in alcohol and some strong hydrochloric acid added, by which a crystalline precipitate was formed, crystallising from hot acetic acid in beautiful red, glistening, flat needles. He was kind enough to give us a sample, and on examining it we found that water acted upon it in the same way as on our crystals.

In order to prepare a pure compound for analysis, a hot solution of aurin in acetic acid was saturated with hydrochloric acid gas; the colour of the liquid changed into a light yellowish red, and soon the compound separated out in glistening needles, which, even when perfectly dry, smell strongly of acetic acid. When exposed to the air they soon assume a steel-blue lustre, and gradually crumble into a reddish brown crystalline powder. The same properties are shown by the crystals obtained from acetyl chloride and those obtained from Mr. Lowe. When heated to 110° in a current of dry air they gradually lose all the acetic acid, which plays the part of water of crystallisation, and assume a dull red colour.

pears to be quite stable when exposed to the air, and even on heating it with water no sulphur dioxide is given off, but a drop of sulphuric acid added to the mixture is sufficient to evolve the gas abundantly. Aurin sulphite has the composition (C19H14O3)2SO3H2+4H2O.

As we have already shown, aurin forms very characteristic compounds with the acid sulphites of the alkali metals, which, in accordance with the newly established formula of aurin, must now be written as follows:C19H1403, SO3KH C19H1403,SO3NaH C19H1403,SO3(NH4)H

We have also found that rosolic acid, or the next higher homologue of aurin, forms compounds with mineral acids which crystallise well. Being, therefore, a base like aurin, we think its name ought to be altered, and, as it has only been obtained from rosanilin, propose for it the name

rosaurin.

ON THE INFLUENCE OF CHLOROFORM ON
NITRIFICATION.

By OTTO HEHNER, F.C.S., F.I.C.

NITRIFICATION, according to Schlösing, Muntz, and
Warington, is prevented by chloroform.

The following experiments tend to prove that this is the case only when a relatively large amount of chloroform is employed, small quantities not only not preventing nitrification, but actually favouring the development of bacteria and the reduction of nitric acid into ammonia.

In a paper read before the Society of Public Analysts I have shown that on keeping ordinary drinking-water for some length of time the nitrogenous matter breaks up with the formation of ammonia, which in its turn gradually changes into nitric acid.

Attempting to arrest these changes by the addition of chloroform to polluted water, I was struck with the rapid development of bacteria in those samples which had received but small additions of chloroform, the samples becoming quite turbid and opalescent.

To 2 litres of a water polluted with putrid urine, yielding per 100,000 parts

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5 c.c. (2) and I c.c. (3) were added. After the lapse of three weeks sample 1 (without chloroform) showedFree ammonia .. Albuminoid ammonia

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On passing hydrochloric acid gas into an alcoholic solution of aurin, similar but smaller needles are formed, containing alcohol, which is given off at 100°. The dull red Whilst (2) yielded— residue can, like the preceding one, be heated to 100° in a current of dry air without losing hydrochloric acid, which only begins to escape at 200°.

Free ammonia

Free ammonia

Analysis of these compounds showed that the dried And (3)substance consists of C19H1403,HCl, while the crystals obtained from an acetic acid solution have the composition C19H1403,HC1+2C2H4O2, and those from alcohol 2C10H1903,HC1+3C2H6O.

When sulphuric acid is added to a hot alcoholic solution of aurin, small red needles are formed on cooling, which. consist of (C19H14O3)2SO4H2+alcohol. Under the same conditions an acetic acid solution yields fine prismatic crystals or flat, very glistening needles, which are an acid sulphate, its formula being C19H14O3,SO4H2+acetic acid. We have also prepared a nitrate which is readily formed and crystallises well, but have not analysed it yet.

In our first communication to the Chemical Society we described a compound of aurin and sulphur dioxide, which is easily obtained in bright red crystals by passing sulphur dioxide into a saturated alcoholic solution of aurin. Our former observation, that this body contains water but no alcohol, we found confirmed; on heating it decomposition

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