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Determination of Tartaric Acid in Lees and Argol. (pril 25, 1879.
{CHEMICAL NEWS.

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.

CHEMICAL SOCIETY.

Thursday, April 17, 1879.

Dr. Roscoe, Vice-President, in the Chair.

to 2 per cent. It was very remarkable that a paraffin should be found in such a state of purity in a plant.

Mr. ATTWOOD said that the composition of the oil would probably vary at different seasons. Sometimes the nuts of this pine tasted very strongly of turpentine, whilst at others the taste was almost imperceptible.

AFTER the minutes of the previous meeting had been
read and confirmed, the following certificates were read
for the first time:-A. E. Robinson, R. Reid, and H.
Appleby. During the evening the following were declared
to be duly elected Fellows of the Society:-W. E. Blythe,
W. A. Bradbury, A. H. Black, T. Griffiths, W. T. Gent,
C. H. Hutchinson, F. A. B. Jewson. W. Johnstone, W.
T. Lawson, J. L. Macmillan, W. North, J. A. Ogilvie,
F. Podmore, W. Palmer, T. Palmer, G. Rait, W. Radford,sium
W. Stone, A. W. Stokes, W. Spottiswoode, P.R.S., C.
Slater, W. B. Turner, F. L. Teed, V. H. Veley, Thorp
Whitaker, T. H. Walker.

The next communication was “On the Determination of Tartaric Acid in Lees and Inferior Argol,_with_some remarks on Filtration and Precipitation," by B. J. GROSJEAN. "Lees" is the name given to the deposit in fermenting wine vats, "argol" being the crystalliine crust which forms on the sides. The first direct method for determining the tartaric acid in "lees," &c., was suggested by Warington (Chem. Soc. Journ., [2], xiii., 973); It is known as the "oxalate method." It consists in treating the finely-ground lees with a little water, and heating the mixture to 100°; an excess of neutral potasoxalate is then added, and the whole digested for a quarter of an hour, the free acidity is nearly neutralised with caustic potash, the whole is filtered on a vacuum filter, and the residue washed; the filtrate and washings are concentrated, and an excess of citric acid added; the tartaric acid is thereby precipitated as potassium bitartrate. This salt is collected, washed, and the tartaric acid determined by titration with standard alkali. The author conillustrating many obscure points with quantitative experiments:-1. Treatment with Potassium Oxalate.-The amount of lime present must be roughly determined (a method for this purpose is given), and 1 grms. of the oxalate are added to ensure the decomposition of the calcium tartrate. The sample taken for analysis should contain about 2 grms. of tartaric acid. 2. Neutralisation with Caustic Potash.-Care must be taken to add the alkali drop by drop with constant stirring, so that the alkali is never in excess. 3. Filtration from the Residue. The author uses the vacuum filter suggested by Casamajor (CHEMICAL NEWS, vol. xxxii., p. 45). It consists of a perforated disc of platinum, lead, or pumice, placed in a funnel of peculiar shape. The disc is covered by a slightly larger circle of paper. The pressure keeps the paper so closely applied to the sides of the funnel that no precipitate passes, but at the same time a speedy and a thorough washing is ensured. The author finds that this plan has many advantages over that proposed by Bunsen, but states that an ordinary funnel can be used instead of the special funnel proposed by Casamajor. In some cases the paper disc should be covered with a layer of roughly ground pumice, freed from air, before commencing the filtration. The author recommends that the wash-water be allowed to run through until the residue presents on the surface no visible moisture, without waiting for it to crack, and then immediately to pour on a fresh portion of wash-water. The vacuum most advantageous is 250 m.m. mercury. By following this plan the potassium tartrate will be completely washed out of the sample of lees in ten washings of 2 to 3 c.c. each. This is proved by quantitative experiments. Various plans have to be adopted if the filtration refuse to proceed quickly. 4. Addition of Potassium Chloride. The author recommends the addition of 5 grms. of KCl to render the precipitation of the bitartrate more complete. Thus, water at 12° dissolves I part of bitartrate in 262, whereas a 10 per cent solution of KCl dissolves only 1 part in 4401. 5. Quantity of Citric Acid Required.

The SECRETARY then read a paper "On Heptane from Pinus Sabiana," by T. E. THORPE. In the Pharmaceutical Fournal, March 30, 1872, W. Wenzell, described, under the name of Abietene, a new hydrocarbon obtained by distilling the exudation of the Pinus sabiana, a tree indige-siders this process in detail, giving fullest details, and nous to California, known locally as the nut pine, or digger's pine. To procure the exudation, the tree during winter is notched and guttered at a convenient height from the ground. The resin on distillation yields the liquid hydrocarbon. The crude oil is met with in San Francisco as an article of commerce under the names of abietene, erasine, &c., as a substitute for benzolin, for removing grease spots, &c. It is a nearly colourless mobile liquid, of a powerful aromatic smell, resembling that of oil of oranges. Wenzell contrasts its characters with those of terebene from P. Sylvestris. Abietene, sp. gr. o'694, boils at 101°, dissolves but a small quantity of hydrochloric acid gas, and is but little attacked by cold nitric acid. Terebene, sp. gr. o.840, boils at 160°, absorbs HCl with avidity, and is violently attacked by nitric acid. From a consideration of the general properties and behaviour of this hydrocarbon the author of the present paper concluded that it was likely to be a paraffin. The occurrence of a paraffin playing the part of oil of turpentine in the vegetable kingdom was hitherto unheard of, the only natural sources of this hydrocarbon (heptane) being petroleum and fossil fish-oil. The author, therefore, obtained from Mr. Wenzell 2 gallons of the abietene, and has subjected it to a most exhaustive chemical and physical examination, the details of which are contained in the paper. The crude oil is slightly contaminated with a resinoid matter, to which its smell is due. The pure oil boils at 98.42° C. at 760 m.m. It has the composition of heptane, containing 83.85 per cent C, 16:03 per cent H (C-H16 requires C 83.97, and H 16.03). Vapour density -found, 49'94; calculated, 50'07; sp. gr. at 0° 070057. The rate of expansion by heat has been carefully determined its volume at the boiling-point is 11411. Its specific volume 162:54; refractive index for D, 13879; its molecular refractive energy, 56'4. Rotates in a tube 200 m.m. +6'9'. Its viscosity and surface tension were also determined. The author has compared the heptane obtained from P. Sabiana with the heptane from petroleum and that obtained by heating azelaic acid with baryta. The sp. gr. of the heptane from petroleum is 07301; that from azelaic acid has a sp. gr. of 0.700. These heptanes are believed by Schorlemmer to be identical. The author is at present engaged in an investigation of citric acid is most convenient. The author prefers tion of this point.

The CHAIRMAN said the Society was much indebted to Dr. Thorpe for this elaborate investigation, and for the extremely careful and able manner in which he had worked out the subject.

Dr. ARMSTRONG said that he had detected in ordinary turpentines a paraffin-like substance in small quantities,

-An excess of 1 to 1'5 grm. of citric acid should be added. If 2 grms. of tartaric acid are present, 2 to 2'5 grms. citric acid are required to effect complete precipitation. 6. The Mode of Precipitating the Bitartrate.-A 50 per cent solu.

to precipitate the bitartrate in the state of minute granular crystals. This is effected by constantly stirring the liquid after adding the citric acid in the cold. 7. Complete Precipitation of the Bitartrate is effected by thus stirring con. tinuously for ten minutes.-The author recommends that the mixture be allowed to stand for twenty minutes after the ten minutes stirring. 8. Filtration and Washing of

the Bitartrate.-The washing is effected by a 5 per cent | be increased, the change is completed in a short tim solution of potassium chloride saturated with potassium and at low temperatures. bitartrate at the temperature of the air at the time of washing. 9. The Accuracy of the Process. The author obtained 99'6, 99.86 instead of 100 parts of tartaric acid taken. 10. Time Required for the Complete Estimation. This the author gives as four hours. In the course of his communication the author exhibited the method of filtering, the insolubility of bitartrate in a solution of potassium chloride, &c.

The next paper was entitled "Conditions Affecting the
Equilibrium of certain Chemical Systems," by M. M. P.
MUIR. The author has quantitatively studied the two
reactions, which may be formulated as follows:-
A. xBiCl3+x'HCl+x′′H2O=(x−n)BiOC1+nBiCl3+

+ · { x' + 2(x − n) } HCl + { x” — (x−n) } H20.

of Aqueous Hydrochloric Acid upon Bismuthous Oxide." Mr. M. M. P. MUIR then read a paper on "The Action When bismuthous oxide is added to aqueous hydrochloric acid the oxide is dissolved, but a point is soon reached after which the bismuth in solution is precipitated as bismuthyl chloride (BIOCI), while the oxide added is simultaneously transformed into the same salt. Finally the whole of the bismuth is present in the form of insoluble bismuthyl chloride. The action of aqueous hydrochloric acid upon bismuthous oxide, so far as the initial and final distributions of mass are concerned, may be thus formulated

BizO3+2HC1+xH2O=2BiOCl+(x+1)H2O.

The presence of water renders possible an action between
HCI and Bi203, which action would not occur in its
absence.

+nCaCl2+2x'n'MCl+n'M2CO3, lateness of the hour, taken as read:-
The three following papers were, in consequence of the

B. CaCl2+x'M2CO3=(x-n)CaCO1+ when M = Na or K.

"On the Action of Oxides on Salts, Part II.," by E. J. contained in Part I., recently communicated to the Society. The authors have examined the actions of aluminic, ferric, and stannic oxides on potassic carbonáte. The weight of the carbonate was the same as in Part I., and was kept constant; the temperature was about 735°, and the time three hours. The results obtained are given in a series of tables.

J. B. HANNAY. In a former paper the author gave an "Examination of Substances by the Time Method," by account of his method by which the thermal dissociation of a hydrated salt may easily be followed. The results of an examination of double salts, the deportment of whose components in the free state was known, are contained in the present paper. The double salts examined were the sulphate of magnesium and zinc, 14H2O; the double sulphate of iron and magnesium; the double sulphate of copper and magnesium. Great care was taken to ensure the purity of the salts. The conclusion at which the author has arrived is as follows:-Two hydrated salts in forming a double salt containing the normal amount of water expend one half of the affinity of the anhydrous salt for its water of crystallisation in combining with each other, showing that the formation of double salts is comparable with other forms of chemical action.

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In action A it is shown that the greater the value of "MILLS and J. W. PRATT. This paper continues the work (x and n being constant) the more rapidly will equilibrium be attained; if x" be small n will vary at different moments and will always be somewhat large. If n=0 the value of varies from 450 to 460 molecules (x and x' being each equal to 1). If n is approximately equal to x, i.e., if permanent formation of BIOCI just commences, then if x' be doubled, x" must be more than doubled, or x" must increase in a more rapid ratio than x'. If initial equilibrium be disturbed, but without the production of a new stable state of equilibrium, the production of this disturbance is dependent not only on the relative but also on the absolute number of BiCl, and H2O molecules present. The production of a new stable equilibrium is dependent only upon the relative number of molecules. In the rush of the interacting molecules the water molecules get entangled among the hydrochloric acid molecules, the greater the number of the latter (even when the proportion of HCl to H2O is maintained constant) the greater is the entanglement. If the system has, however, time to act and react, then the result is independent of the absolute number of the molecules provided the proportion of the HCI to H2O molecules be constant. If water be run very cautiously into a solution of BiCl, in HCl until a small amount of BIOCI is formed at the junction of the two liquids and the whole be then shaken up, a greater amount of BiOC is produced in short times than if the water is added with constant stirring. During long periods of time the result is the same in both cases. In action B a condition of stable equilibrium is attained (x and x' being each equal to 1) before the whole of the CaCl2 is decomposed; small causes tend to disturb this equilibrium. In reaction A a small amount of chemical change seems to be accompanied with but small changes in the Entropy of the system; hence the chemically reacting system soon attains a condition of equilibrium. But in reaction B a small amount of chemical change is probably accompanied with considerable changes of Entropy, so that, if time be given, the reaction will be nearly completed. In B the influence of temperature is marked when equal molecules of the reacting bodies are used; if 2 or more molecules of alkaline carbonate be used to 1 molecule of CaCl2, the change in a given time depends but little on temperature. With equal molecules at ordinary temperature a state of permanently stable equilibrium is attained in about sixty minutes; if the temperature be raised this point of equilibrium is passed and the change is very nearly or even quite completed. Time causes an increase in the amount of chemical change, its influence being specially marked at low temperatures, i... when the molecular mobility of the system is small. With equal molecules of Caćl and M2CO, the change formulated is complete if somewhat high temperatures and long times be employed. If the mass of one of the reacting bodies

Preliminary Note on Certain Compounds of Naph thalen and Benzene with Antimony Trichloride, &c.," by WATSON SMITH. While distilling a mixture of antimony trichloride and naphthalen through a red-hot tube with the object of preparing dinaphthyl, this mixture was found On to contain a little water accidentally admitted. clearing out the tube long white needles were obtained; they contained antimony and carbon, but no chlorine. Heated on platinum foil the crystals melted at a red heat, burnt, and disappeared. The author believes this body to be trinaphthyl stibine or naphthyl-oxy-stibine. melting together a mixture of naphthalen and antimony trichloride and allowing to cool, clino-rhombic crystals were obtained, crystallising unaltered from petroleum ether. The author has obtained other crystalline compounds, and thinks it probable that by the action of the antimony potassium alloy on bromo-naphthalen or bromobenzene at high temperatures trinaphthyl-stibine and triphenyl-stibine would be obtained.

On

The Society then adjourned to May 1, when the following papers will be read:-"On the Volumes of Liquids at their Boiling-points Ob'ainable from Unit Volumes of Gases," by W. Ramsay; "On a Method of Precipitating Manganese entirely as Dioxide, and its Application to the Volumetric Determination of Manganese," by J. Pattinson; "On the Determination of Nitric Acid as Nitric Oxide by Means of its Action on Mercury," by R. Warington.

184 CHEMICAL NOTICES FROM FOREIGN SOURCES.

Chemical Notices from Foreign Sources.

NOTE.-All degrees of temperature are Centigrade, unless otherwise expressed.

CHEMICAL NEWS
April 25, 1879.

Potassium Cyanosulphite.-A. Etard.-This compound is obtained by substituting CN for OH in hydrated sulphurous acid. It dissolves in water, cold or hot, without decomposition, evolves ammonia if boiled with a caustic alkali, and reduces salts of gold and silver. Thermo-chemical Study on the Alkalino-earthy Sulphides.-P. Sabatier.-Not susceptible of abstraction. Certain Alcoholic Iodides and Bromides.-J. de

Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances, l'Académie de Montgolfier and E. Girard.-An examination of the brodes Sciences. No. 12, March 24, 1879. mides of ethyl and isopropyl, and of the chloro-bromide of ethylen. The Slow Changes Experienced by Wine during its Preservation.-M. Berthelot.-The author has made a comparative examination of two samples of port, the one made in the year 1780, and the other forty-five years old, determining the proportion of dissolved gases, of alcohol, sugars, acids, and tartar.

Formation of Aurin.-Ph. de Clermont and J. From. mel.-The authors contend that carbonic acid does not intervene as such in the formation of aurin, the action being due to carbon and oxygen in a nascent state.

Presence of Lithia in Rocks and in Sea-waters.Dieulafait.-Lithia is as widely distributed as soda and potassa, and accompanies these two bases in all primordial rocks. In sea-water it may be detected in the residue from the evaporation of a single c.c.

Archives Neerlandaises des Sciences.
Tome xiii., 5me Livraison.

Decomposition of Calcium Chloride by Water.-H. C. Dibbits.-Crystalline calcium chloride (CaCl2+6H2O) loses in dry air, even below 10°, five molecules of water, the first four of which escape readily and the last much more slowly. At 80° the salt becomes completely anhydrous in dry air. When the salt loses all its crystalline water at a temperature not exceeding 130° no appreciable loss of hydrochloric acid takes place. Between 130° and 140° the escape of acid becomes perceptible. The more the temperature rises the more hydrochloric acid escapes, still even if gently heated over a naked flame the decomposition is so slight that not more than o'03 per cent of the acid is lost. Even at 150° the loss is so slight that it remains entirely within the ordinary limit of error.

Remarks on Certain Points of Crystallogenesis.-L. Lecoq de Boisbaudran.-Since the resistance to a change of condition is not alike for the different planes of the same crystal, its solubility must vary with its outward form. Thus a supersaturated solution of basic alum being treated at a given temperature with cubes of this salt (or with portions cut according to the cubic surfaces) will not possess the same specific gravity as in cases where the desupersaturation has been effected by contact with octahedra (or portions cut according to the octahedral surfaces). The former liquid will be more concentrated than the latter, and after it has ceased giving up matter to the cubes it will still be capable of depositing upon octahedra. Even if we consider a single system of surfaces only the principle of resistance to a change of condition leads us to recognise two unequal specific gravities for a saturated liquid at a given temperature, according as we begin with a dilute or a supersaturated solution. The solubility of any substance is therefore not sufficiently defined by the quantity contained in the liquid at a given temperature in presence of an excess of the solid substance. We must further specify the species of surfaces and the direction in which the operation has been conducted. If the desupersaturation of a solution is obtained by means of crystals having several orders of surfaces there are two possible cases :-(1.) The quantity of liquid is great in proportion to the immersed masses; the crystals then assume their most stable form, and the final specific gravity is what corresponds to this system of surfaces. (2.) The quantity of liquid is very limited; the crystals cannot in these conditions assimilate matter enough to complete their form of maximum stability, and several orders of surfaces subsist indefinitely: the final specific gravity is that which corresponds to the system of surfaces destined to disappear first if the crystals could continue

to grow.

Molecular Vibrations in the Magnetic Metals during the Passage of Undulatory Currents.-M. Ader. In all the magnetic metals the passage of an undulatory current determines in their interior molecular vibrations, which, if collected, give articulate sounds. order that the vibrations may appear with their full intensity on the exterior of the metals it is necessary to oppose to the wires or bars a mechanical action, especially the inertia of two heavy masses at their extremities.

Les Mondes, Revue Hebdomadaire des Sciences.
No. 12, March 20, 1879.

Works of the Liebig Extract of Meat Company at Fray Bentos.-At this establishment from 10,000 to 12,000 oxen are slaughtered yearly. In 1877, 15 million kilos. of leather, tallow, and manure were exported to Europe, whilst 1 million kilos. of tasajo, or dried beef,

were sent to Brazil and Cuba.

Lecture on the Phylloxera.-M. Bouchardat.-The author does not think that any remedy universally applicable can be found, nor does he entertain the hope that the Phylloxera will ultimately disappear. He likens the case to that of the Oidium Tuckeri, a previous vine pest, and to the Botrytis infestans, the cause of the potato blight.

Cases of Phosphorescence Observed.-M. Nueesh. In-In a certain butcher's shop all the meat became strongly phosphorescent and remained so as long as sound. If putrefaction set in and Bacterium termo made its appearance the luminous appearance ceased. None of the customers of the meat experienced any inconvenience from its use, and no similar phenomenon was traced in other butchers' shops in the neighbourhood.

Ytterbia, the New Earth of M. Marignac.-L. F. Nilson. The author has succeeded in preparing perfectly pure ytterbia, presenting no trace of an absorption ray, and having a molecular weight between 13192 and 132.17. The erbia of all preceding authors, including M. Marignac, Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, consists chiefly of ytterbia, to which very small quantities of erbia give a rose colouration. Ytterbia is probably Yb203.

Scandium, a New Element.-L. F. Nilson -The author has extracted from impure erbia a substance whose spectroscopic behaviour indicates its novelty. Its atomic weight calculated for the formula of the earth ScO is below go.

No. 17, 1879.

Monohydrated Sulphate of Soda and Dihydrated Carbonate of Soda.-Julius Thomsen.-The salt deposited on heating a solution of ordinary 10-hydrated sulphate of soda, saturated at 30° was generally supposed to be anhydrous. The author finds that it retains r mol. of water. The salt deposited on heating_10-hydrated carbonate of soda contains not I mol. water but 2,

NEWS

Composition of Copper Sulphide Formed in the Moist Way.-Julius Thomsen.-The precipitate formed in solutions of copper oxide by means of hydrogen or sodium sulphide is not CuS but a mixture of sulphur with a lower copper sulphide. The affinity of copper for sulphur is satisfied with the formation of Cu2S, which is accompanied by a liberation of heat to the extent of 20,240 cal., and the reception of a further quantity of sulphur takes place without noticeable rise of temperature. Zinc Sulph-hydrate.-Julius Thomsen.-If a zinc sulphate solution is mixed with a double equivalent of a solution of sodium sulph-hydrate no precipitate is ob. tained but a clear or slightly opalescent solution.

Density and Decomposition of the Vapour of Hyponitric Acid at Various Pressures below its Boiling-Point.-Alex. Naumann.-This paper consists essentially of tables of the density of hyponitric vapour at various temperatures and pressures, showing the amount of decomposition produced. It appears that at equal temperatures and with decreasing pressure the decomposition increases as also at equal pressure with increasing temperature.

Electrolytic Determination of Cadmium.-E. J. Smith. The author has tried the aqueous solution of cadmic acetate with perfectly satisfactory results. The time required for the deposition of the metal is three to four hours. A tolerably strong current should be employed and the solution should contain 2 per cent of the metal.

Constitution of the Propyl Group in Cymol.-0. Jacobsen.

Constitution of Oxy-mesitylenic Acid.-O. Jacobsen. These two papers are not adapted for useful abstraction.

Behaviour of Certain Nitro-Compounds with Sulphuretted Hydrogen.-F. Beilstein and A. Kurbatow. The authors have examined chlor-dinitro-benzol, nitropara-dichlor-benzol, chlor-ortho-dinitro-benzol, and symmetrical nitro-meta-dichlor-benzol. They state that sulphuretted hydrogen exerts a reducing action upon chlornitro-derivatives only when the nitro-group is not situated along with chlorine or another nitro-group.

MISCELLANEOUS.

first lecture of Professor Corfield's course on Hygiene and Lectures on Hygiene and Public Health.-The Public Health will be delivered at University College on Thursday, May 1, at 4 p.m. The course will be illustrated by models and specimens from the Parkes Museum of Hygiene. Practical instruction in the methods of analysis of air, water, foods, and drugs will be given in the Hygiene Laboratory by Professor Corfield and Mr. C. E. Čassal, F.C.S., the Demonstrator.

Society of Arts.-The third course of "Cantor Lectures" for the present session of the Society of Arts is by Mr. W. H. Preece, the Electrical Engineer of the PostOffice, on "Recent Advances on Telegraphy." The course commenced on April 21. The first lecture dealt with definitions, electrical effects, and sources; economical listribution of electric currents. The second will treat principally of the transference of electricity, and will include also such subjects as wires, insulators, supports, gutta-percha, india-rubber, underground wires and cables. The third will be devoted to simple telegraphy, visual and aural signals, telephones, and telegraphic writing. The fourth will deal with duplex, quadruplex, multiplex, and harmonic telegraphy. The fifth and last is to be devoted to automatic and fast-speed telegraphy.

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Convenient Method for the Preparation of Mono- MONDAY, chlor-hydrin-sulphuric Acid.-H. Beckurts and R. Otto.

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graphy," by W. H. Preece. (Cantor Lectures.) Royal Geographical, 8.30.

Method of Action of Mono-chlor-hydrin-sulphurie | TUESDAY, 29th.-Civil Engineers, 8. Acid.-H. Beckurts and R. Otto.

Synthesis of Aromatic Sulphones from the Chloranhydrides of the Sulphonic Acids and Hydro-carbons by Means of Aluminic Chloride.-These three papers do not admit of useful abstraction.

Further Contributions to the Knowledge of the Formation and Constitution of the Disulphoxides of

Benzol and Toluol.-C. Pauly and R. Otto.-The WEDNESDAY,
authors have formerly shown that benzol-disulphoxide
and benzol-zinc-mercaptid act upon each other readily

Royal Institution, 3. "Mendelssohn," by Mr. Ernst Pauer.

Anthropological, 8.

Zoological, 1. (Anniversary).

Society of Arts, 8. "Light Railways for Opening
up a Trade with Central Africa," by John B. Fell.
"The Advantage of Railway Communication in
Africa, as Compared with any other Mode of
Transport," by J. Conyers Morrell. (African
Section.)

30th.-Society of Arts, 8. Renewed Discussion on Mr.
John Hollway's Paper on "A New Process in
Metallurgy."
Geological, 8.

and completely with the formation of benzol-disulphide THURSDAY, May Ist.-Royal, 8.30. and benzol-sulphinate of zinc. An analogous decomposition takes place with the corresponding toluol compounds.

Decomposition of Ethyl-disulphoxide by Potassium Hydroxide.-C. Pauly and R. Otto.-Ethyl-disulphoxide may be regarded as a thio-ethe".

Action of Mono-chlor-hydrin-sulphuric Acid upon Sulpho-benzid.-R. Otto and A. Knoll.-In this preliminary communication the authors announce the formation of sulpho-benzid-sulphonic acid, with the examination of which they are engaged.

FRIDAY,

=

Royal Institution, 2. Annual Meeting. Chemical, 8. "On the Volumes of Liquids at their Boiling-Points Obtainable from Unit Volumes of Gases," by Dr. W. Ramsay. "On a Method of Precipitating Manganese Entirely as Dioxide, and its Application to the Volumetric Determination of Manganese," by J. Pattinson. "On the Determination of Nitric Acid as Nitric Oxide by Means of its Action on Mercury," by R. Warington. Royal Society Club, 6.30. 2nd.-Royal Institution, 9. Action of Anesthetics," by

Diethyl-glyoxylic Ether and Diethyl-glyoxylic Amide.-A. Geuther.-With reference to a paper by | SATURDAY, Pinner the author points out that the two compounds above mentioned were prepared by Schreiber from dichloracetic acid eight years ago.

Prof. McKendrick.

Geologists' Association, 8.

Society of Arts, 8. "The Wild Silks of India, especially Tussah," by Thomas Wardle. (Indian Section.)

3rd.-Royal Institution, 3. "Architecture," by Mr. H. H.

Statham.

ERRATUM.-No. 1012, p. 170, line 12 from top, read p. 148 for p. 198.

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FOR CHEMICAL

ALSO BY PROFESSOR FRANKLAND,

LECTURE NOTES

STUDENTS. Post 8vo., Fifth Thousand of Vol. I. (Inorganic)

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This Edition, much enlarged, gives a practical reference to every reported case of importance, and contains all the

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London: LONGMANS and CO.

Prestolee Alkali Works, Farnworth, near Manchester and Bolton.

MESSRS. FULLER, HORSEY, SONS,

and CO. will include in their SALE by AUCTION, under a distraint for rent, on the PREMISES, Farnworth, near Manchester, on THURSDAY, May 1st, at II precisely, THE REMAINING STOCK IN TRADE, including about 1000 tons of acid in chambers, stock of bleaching liquors, &c., in process of manufacture; 100 tons Limestone, &c - May be viewed the day preceding and morning of sale, and catalogues had on the premises, at the principal Hotels at Manchester and Bolton, of Messrs. Wakeman and Bleeck, Solicitors, Warminster; of Messrs. Fuller, Horsey, Sons, and Co., 11, Billiter Square, London, E.C.

GE

EOLOGY.—In the Preface to the Student's ELEMENTS OF GEOLOGY, by Sir Charles Lyell, price gs., he says:-"As it is impossible to enable the reader to recognise rocks and minerals at sight by aid of verbal descriptions or figures, he will do well to obtain a well-arranged coflection of specimens, such as may be procured from Mr. TENNANT (149, Strand), Teacher of Mineralogy at King's College, London." These Collections are supplied on the ollowing terms, in plain Mahogany Cabinets:

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£2 2 0 550 IO 10 O

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100 Specimens, in Cabinet, with 3 Trays.. 200 Specimens, in Cabinet, with 5 Trays.. 300 Specimens, in Cabinet, with 9 Drawers 400 Specimens, in Cabinet, with 13 Drawers More extensive collections at 50 to 5000 Guineas each. MINERALS FOR CHEMISTS, &c. NEW AND REVISED LIST, with Prices of Minerals containing rare Elements, &c., for Chemical Purposes, Experiment, and Research. Also, Elementary Collections of Minerals, Fossils, and Rocks, for Students, Schools, Colleges, &c.

NEW PATTERNS of GEOLOGICAL HAMMERS. NEW CATALOGUE of SECONDHAND AND NEW BOOKS, NOW READY.

JAMES R. GREGORY,
MINERALOGIST,

88, CHARLOTTE street, FITZROY SQUARE.

and Potash, in large or small quantities, and either solid or in solution, at ROBERT RUMNEY'S, Ardwick Chemical Works Manchester.

S. A. SADLER,

CLEVELAND CHEMICAL WORKS, MIDDLESBROUGH;

Newfall Tar Works, Carlton; Ammonia Works, Stockton-on-Tees; and Stamshaw Chemical Works, Portsmouth. And also of the Furness Tar Products Co., Ulverston.

Manufacturer of Benzole, Toluole, Xylol,

Solvent and Burning Naphthas, Carbolic Acid and Disinfecting Powder, Refined Anthracene,Naphthaline, Black Varnish, Refined Tar, Crude Liquid Ammonia, Coal-Tar, Pitch, Creosote, Grease, Sulphate of Ammonia, Pyroligneous Acid, Acetate of Lime, Wood Naphtha, Charcoal, &c., &c.

S.A. S. is always a buyer of Coal-Tar Naphthas, Crude Anthracene nd all Tar Products.

All communications to be addressed to the offices at Middlesbrough BISULPHITE of LIME. BISULPHITE OF SODA.

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