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slightest appearance of any lines in the orange-amber band. The 3rd edition, of 1873,-which I have just referred to, contains, at p. 320, the same plate.

A more advanced style of pictorial representation is that contained in Plate III. of M. de Boisbaudran's admirable, in most of its plates unequalled, if not inimitable, work entitled "Spectres Lumineux " (Paris, 1874). Plate III. purports to represent the spectrum of the blue flame of coal-gas. Our five coloured bands are of course represented; but the lines, marked only in the citron, green, and blue bands, are broad and hazy; the observation having been confessedly made with a slit that was "not very narrow," and there are no lines at all on the very faint orange-amber band. Nor are there any records of such things amongst the numerical measures,-though the existence of four lines is mentioned in an appendix as having just been seen when both a very strong blowpipe jet was employed, and some extraneous matters introduced into its flame, with the effect of considerably condensing it.

Such was the state of this question when, last winter, after trying many experiments with plain and simple coal-gas and air blowpipes (the coal-gas being merely taken out of the service-pipes of the house, and the air driven through its flame out of an india-rubber bag, with a pressure of 2 or 3 inches of water), it occurred to me, remarking the narrow but elongated figure of the brighter part of the flame,-viz., about inch in diameter and 2 inches long, to try looking at it end on, in place of, as almost every spectroscopist had hitherto done, trans- | versely to the axis of the flame; and of course quite close up to it in both cases. The result, without any other change, was almost magical;* not only were five bands at once most brilliantly seen as to their colours, but the six or seven lines in the first of them, or the orange-amber band, hitherto only uncertainly made out by any one, were now the most beautiful series in the whole spectrum. Next the lines in the citron band showed themselves splendid for brightness, and the number of them, towards their vanishing side, much increased. In the still brighter green band, the first line stood forth in a manner to well deserve its quaint, Alexander Herschel title of " the green giant of carbo-hydrogen." The lines in the fainter blue band were yet admirably distinct, though closer than the others. And in the violet band, though no similar lines exist there, the distinction of the faint band, the strong band, and the one fine line between the two, was also well made out.

and the last of the gloaming is gone, and there may be no moon nor planet, the young spectroscopist is either lost in darkness or bewildered on a chromatic ocean without fiducial marks of any kind. For though he turns to the light of a lamp for aid, or to any one of ten thousand gas-lights, their bright flame-bright from the incandescence of little solid particles of carbon-offers, like all other incandescent solids, only a continuous spectrum, wherein the colours blend undistinguishably one into the other from the red through the citron to the violet. Hence, the poor youth at night would have been altogether at sea, when spectroscoping something totally new in heaven or, on earth, had not our excellent Fellow of former years, and still only removed by the breadth of the Firth, Prof. Swan, shown that all the substances hitherto used by man for artificially illuminating the darkness of night (such as wax, oil, tallow, turpentine, ether, alcohol, generally carbo-hydrogens)-all of them give, in the blue base of their flames, one and the same spectrum of but five coloured bands and their several innate half-dozen or so of lines; the same spectrum, in fact, as that of the flame of our favourite kind of blowpipe, though that little instrument gives it more neatly, clearly, and without the swamping effect on its best characteristics of the dense continuous spectrum derived from the more or less yellow light in the upper parts of most kinds of simple lampflame.

Now I had for a long time, when voyaging in the Medi terranean, actually used an alcohol lamp with a flame made purposely long and thin, in order to develop its blue base and hide its yellow top,-1 had, I say, employed those carbo-hydrogen spectral lines as given by alcohol, for reference in Aurora and Zodiacal Light spectroscopy. But I gave it up at last on finding how much cleaner and freer from apparently adventitious haze the selfsame bands, and their lines appeared in the blowpipe flame of coalgas* and common air. And yet the lines did not appear even there without any haze at all! In fact, there was still so much of it hanging to them, and interfering to such an extent with the easy visibility of some of the fainter lines, that I am afraid in my haste I thought it a nuisance, an abnormal interloper, and held it as mere trash to be got rid of in any possible way. But it would not go; and now, on looking once again at the old green band and all its plaguing haze, made denser than ever by the brightness of the end-on view, but on this occasion extra analysed, or spread out, by the tremendous dispersive power just described-behold! all that haze, instead of So much appeared with a very moderate prism-power becoming more hazy and diffuse than ever, was resolved on the spectroscope; but on applying a dispersion equal neatly and perfectly into innumerable, exquisite, fine lines to 22° between A and H, or five times as much as might or linelets! These miniature lines of light, indeed, filled usually be employed, I gazed for a time in mute admira- the whole field of view; asserted themselves to be as netion on the scene then opened up. Such a scene of --;cessary to the spectrum of coal-gas and air as any other but, if you please, before I begin any attempt, which can part of it; and had, besides, a beautifully regular prohardly but prove weak and poor, to set before you some gressive arrangement of their own, gradually increasing idea of what the really entrancing feature of that vision in distance asunder, as the older band lines-now looking was, allow me just a minute to state why this particular like huge and far-between Cyclopes-decreased in theirs, spectrum is thought so very important, and is so very as they all tended on, in the direction of increasing remuch sought after. frangibility, towards the violet.

Wretched as may be the more publicly illuminating power of a grey blowpipe flame o: coal-gas and simple air, it is the standard representative in spectroscopy of nearly half nature that does not, and nine-tenths of nature that does, burn. By day the spectroscopist, however far he may travel in the spectrum, from ultra red to distant lavender-grey, can always find out whereabouts he is by referring to the solar lines as seen either in the sun itself, or in his marvellous quality of light as reflected from blue sky, or a cloud, or a hill, or a house, or from snow, or from anything whatever which reflects any daylight at all. But at night, when there can be no such light to reflect,

*This increase of the first expected effect was owing to the hollow nature of flame, and the surperficiality of its light. So that when viewed end on, the whole of the illumination previously seen in the long side profile, was not merely confined to a disc equal in area to a cross section of of the flame, but was further concentrated into a thin circumference of that disc

Something of the same kind, and even more distinct in many of its details, has already been seen, I am aware, by many other persons, in certain spectra both of oxygen blowpipes and electric sparks; but those spectra have greatly elevated temperatures, and I am confining myself here, for the reasons already stated, to simple coal gas and atmospheric air blowpipes only. And not so much even there, to what may be done absolutely by increasing their size immensely, as in Prof. Roscoe's blowpipe with "a blue flame 3 feet long;" but to the differential effect of looking at one and the same blowpipe flame, whether large or small, first transversely, and then end-on. The

*At a distance from gas supplies it is well to know that an equivalent to coal-gas for the spectroscope, and perfectly safe, may be procured by passing a stream of air through a vessel containing a considerable surface of benzine, or other hydrocarbon liquid in a vapourising condition at ordinary temperatures.

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improvement, too, of vision for spectroscopy by the end- | on method is so decided, and at the same time is obtained so simply and economically, or without any increase of expense whatever, that it would doubtless have been adopted everywhere long ago, and not left for me to advocate, had not the chemists, a large and influential body of men, and to whom we all owe much (yet said, in former times, if not still, to positively rejoice in living in the midst of flames, and smoke, and soot),-if, I repeat, the chemists had not so generally kept to their sad, dirty plan of letting their salts burn and fizz in a flame close in front of the naked slits of their spectroscopes.

Hence Mr. Rand Capron, in his "Photographed Spectra " of chemical elements, following lately the supposed orthodox method, finds himself compelled to write "Much trouble was experienced in keeping the slit-plate clear from metallic beads and other impurities." And he suggests that in future it would be a great advantage to have the whole slit-plate gilded, and the slit-jaws formed of obsidian, platinum, or gold. Vain resource, however, if the spitting flame be still preserved close by, and quite inapplicable to any end-on use of it; for that would imply directing the full blast of the blowpipe right on the slit-plate and melting it down altogether. But my rude spectroscope having been built up at home, and primarily for operating on the distant light of the Aurora, as seen occasionally from an upper chamber at No. 15, Royal Terrace, Edinburgh, I was compelled from the first to bring such very far-off light to the slit by an anterior image-forming object-glass. And once having made experience of that excellent method of using an optical image of the thing, and not the thing itself, especially when that thing is worse to touch than a red-hot poker, have kept to it ever since for table work close by, as well as celestial objects a long way off.

The above, therefore, removing the last of the practical difficulties in the way of any one desirous of enjoying the advantages of end-on illumination in his flame spectroscopy, I close this part of the paper by referring to the Appendix for the following tables of useful data :Table 1. Colours of the spectrum by spectral place.

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2. The blowpipe flame's spectrum, seen end-on under small dispersion.

3. Certain parts of the blowpipe flame's spectrum, under higher dispersion.

6. Wave-number places of certain practical data. (To be continued).

PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.

NEWCASTLE CHEMICAL SOCIETY. (Concluded from p. 133.)

"Tennant's Nitrometer," by Messrs. BRADY MARTIN.

and

This apparatus is used for testing the amount of nitrous compounds existing in sulphuric acids from the Gay Lussac and Glover towers, and also in the chamber acids. The three higher oxides are each reduced to NO, and from the volume of the latter, obtained from a given quantity of the acid, the nitrogen, nitrous acid, or nitric acid may be easily calculated.

Description.-B is a three-way stop-cock, having a passage between the tube c and the cup A, and between c and the waste pipe E. G is a tube graduated to 30 c.c. in fifths. A piece of caoutchouc tubing is fixed to the outlet of the globe D, and carried to a bottle or reservoir for mercury, from whence the graduated tube may be

filled.

A measured quantity of the acid to be tested is then

An octavo book, with 37 remarkable plates, published by E. and F. Spon, Charing Cross, 1877. See its page 8.

{CHEMICAL NEWS,

April 18, 1879.

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Mr. STARKS, at the invitation of the Chairman, gave a practical description of the mode of using the nitrometers, remarking at the same time that the two instruments were instrument with the bulb was the form in use at Messrs. identical in principle, and almost identical in detail. The

Tennant's works, at Hebburn, and he had used it for some time before he was aware that Dr. Lunge hard contrived a similar piece of apparatus. No doubt Dr. Lunge was equally innocent of any knowledge of their doings, and the instruments were thus simultaneously invented. He admitted, however, that they were indebted to Dr. Lunge for the name-a name so obviously appropriate, that it was not desirable to invent a second.

The CHAIRMAN then described an experiment he had recently períormed on the production of light, by passing a current of electricity through a slender rod of carbon enclosed in an exhausted globe, the physical results of which experiment he thought might be interesting to the members. He had obtained the current from a Siemens dynamo-electric machine of the second or 6000 candle On passing the current, the rod became heated to such an intense degree as to cause it to glow with great splendour. The glass became coated with a sooty deposit on its inside; and the rod of carbon, which before use had been exposed to an intense heat, to secure as much contraction as possible, became curved to the form of a bow, as if from softening.

size.

Prof. HERSCHEL remarked that there was every appearance of the carbon having become plastic with the heat; and, unless he were right in thinking that Deville had observed the same, it was the first time carbon had been known to have been rendered plastic; but he had a strong impression that Deville had made a similar observation. The opportunity of seeing the effect, however, was very interesting.

"Halden and Thornton's Modification of the Cyanotype Process, for Copying Drawings and Tracings," by Mr. Jás.

DONNELLY.

NEWS

The CHAIRMAN remarked that this was but a slight modification of the Cyanotype process of Sir John Herschel, one of the earliest and simplest of the photographic processes, a process which was not adapted for artistic work, but was eminently useful for copying engineers' and architects' drawings, as it required no knowledge of chemicals or photographic art on the part of those using it; the sensitive paper being tolerably permanent, was supplied ready for use, and, after exposure, required nothing but washing in pure water to fix it.

Mr. BERKLEY said, though the process was not new, it was no less valuable, and was in constant use in the drawing office at Messrs. Palmer's works at Jarrow, and many other large establishments.

Prof. HERSCHEL confirmed what had been said by the Chairman and Mr. Berkley about the origin, the utility, and the simplicity of the process. He said it was extensively used on the Continent, and in illustration he laid upon the table a collection of very large and beautiful cyanotype prints from draughtsmen's designs which he had received from Belgium, some of the designs covering 8 to IO square feet of sensitive paper.

"Varley's Electric Harmonium," by Prof. HERschel. It consists of a gamut of tuning-forks arranged as spring contact-breakers. A key-board is attached, and the depression of any key directs the current through an electromagnet, under the influence of which the fork applied to it vibrates, and the corresponding fork is thereupon set in similar vibration. The feeble tone of the forks was much increased when a telephone was placed in circuit, and was still further increased when the telephone was replaced by a piece of apparatus acting like a Leyden jar, and consisting of a sheet of thin gutta-percha, with perforated zinc on one side, and thin tin-foil on the other.

Mr. REYNOLDSON exhibited an automatic arrangement for the continuous supply to an evaporating-basin of a large given quantity of water; also a model of an arrangement for indicating the flow of acid through a Glover or Gay-Lussac tower. As these attracted considerable attention, and were not accompanied by a note, Mr. Reynoldson was requested to bring them under the attention of the Society at some future meeting.

"Reagent Bottles with Embossed Labels." Messrs. BRADY and MARTIN exhibited microscopes by Beck and by Zeiss, and a set of reagent bottles, the labels of which were embossed in relief on the surface of the glass, and rendered more visible by being roughed by grinding, thus forming dull letters on a bright ground.

Swan's dry photographic plates were the subject of an interesting experiment, their extreme sensitiveness enabling the Chairman to obtain two successful prints from a negative; one being exposed two seconds to the light of a common bat's-wing burner at the distance of one foot, and the other exposed to the same light for only half this time. A vote of thanks to the exhibitors and others who had contributed information to the meeting brought the proceedings to a close.

CORRESPONDENCE.

AUSTRALIAN EUCALYPTI.

To the Editor of the Chemical News. SIR, My old friend, Baron Ferdinand Von Mueller, Director of the Victorian Botanical Department, has very kindly sent me the special information you wished as to the comparative analysis of some of the various Eucalypti, by which you will see that the celebrated E. globulus is by no means the richest in the essential oil which gives the peculiar sanitary value to this class of trees, although it

is the most “taking" in its earlier stages, from the rapidity of its growth and fulness of foliage.

"Eucalyptus Amygdalina.

"It is this species which yields more volatile oil than any other tested, and which therefore is largely chosen for distillation; thus it is also one of the best for subduing malarian effluvia in fever regions, although it does not grow with quite the same ease and celerity as E. globulus, The respective hygienic value of various Eucalypts may to some extent be judged from the percentage of oil in their foliage, as stated below, and as ascertained by Mr. Bosisto at the author's instance, for the Exhibition of 1862:E. amygdalina.

E. oleosa
E. leucoxylon
E. goniocalyx
E. globulus
E. obliqua

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3°313 per cent volatile oil 1.250 "" 1'0б0 0'914 0'719 19 0'500 "1

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"The lesser quantity of oil of E. globulus is, however, compensated for by the vigour of its growth and the early copiousness of its foliage. The proportion of oil varies also somewhat according to locality and season. E. rostrata, though one of the poorest in oils, is nevertheless important for malarian regions, as it will grow well on periodically inundated places, and even in stagnant water not saline. E. oleosa (F. v. M.), from the desert regions of extra-tropic Australia, might be reared on barren lands of other countries for the sake of its oil. According to Mr. Osborne's experiments, Eucalyptus oil dissolve the following, among other substances, for select varnishes and other preparations:-Camphor, pine-resins, mastich, elemi, sandarac, kauri, dammar, asphalte, xanthorrhæa-resin, dragon's blood, benzoe, copal, amber, anime, shellac, caoutchouc, also wax, but not gutta-percha. These substances are arranged here in the order of their great solubility. The potash obtainable from the ashes of various Eucalypts varies from 5 to 27 per cent. One ton of the fresh foliage of E. globulus yields about 8 lbs. of pearlash. A ton of the green wood, about 2 lbs.; of dry wood, about 4 lbs. For resins, tar, acetic acid, tannin, and other products of many Eucalypts see various documents and reports of the writer, issued from the Melbourne Botanic Garden."

I have had so many enquiries from different parts of the world for seeds, and as to what sort will suit various soils and climates, that I have asked Messrs. C. J. Cresswell and Co., seedsmen, of Sydney, to make a special point of securing pure seed of various kinds of trees, and from various parts of the Colony, so as to suit either tropical or cold climates (as whilst we never see frost in my garden near Sydney, yet at Kiandra the snow lies for months !); and I trust, therefore, that in a few years' time, with a little patience and experience, the right sorts to thrive, either in temperate England or torrid India, may be accurately known, and reliable plantations thus secured.

The Baron (at Melbourne) and Mr. Charles Moore, F.R.L.S., Director of our Sydney Botanical Department, will both be happy to afford any special information to parties really requiring it for practical use; but as amongst the three of us we have already answered over one hundred letters on the subject, I trust that the information therein given will be "passed on " by the recipients as much as possible, so as to save us a little, as no leading Government officials or men of business in these Colonies have any spare time worth speaking of.—I am, &c., R. D. ADAMS. Sydney, N.S.W., February, 1879.

DYEING.

To the Editor of the Chemical News. SIR,-In the otherwise accurate report of "Researches in Dyeing: Part II.," which appeared in the CHEMICAL NEWS (vol. xxxix., p. 161), Mr. Campbell and myself are repre..

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CHEMICAL NEWS, April 18, 1879.

are trifling in amount also; but I will allow 5 per cent of nitrate of soda for this loss.

II. Chemical Loss.

This loss is incurred in the Glover tower, in the chambers, and, according to Mr. Davies, in the GayLussac column, though not there in form of reduction to nitrous oxide. This chemical loss is exceedingly difficult to trace and to measure. As regards the chambers Mr. Davies's paper proves (if it proves anything at all) that the amount of nitre lost in this way in chambers not connected with Gay-Lussac and Glover columns is usually But allow 20 per cent for systems which are connected with such columns and you will find that:

LOSS OF NITRE IN VITRIOL MANUFACTURE. from 10 to 15 per cent.

To the Editor of the Chemical News. SIR,-In the CHEMICAL NEWS, vol. xxxix., p. 198, I noticed a letter from Dr. G. Lunge, in which he asserts that all fear of any appreciable loss of nitrous compounds in the Glover tower has vanished.

I have opposed Dr. Lunge on a former occasion by publishing in Dingler's Journal (vol. 227, p. 465, also vol. 228, p. 545), an account of some experiments on the subject of denitration, and a statement showing the loss of nitrate of soda as incurred at Messrs Gaskell, Deacon, and Co.'s works. Since that time I have continually watched the loss of nitrate of soda at these works, and applied the most refined methods of ascertaining these losses. The result of this labour has been confirmatory of all the figures I published at that time. Chance has now presented me with the results obtained at many of the largest English alkali works. I am not at liberty to publish these. They are the results of daily tests of the exit gases extending over more than one month. The samples were all drawn by continuous aspirators and were analysed by the same method in each works. The volumes were corrected for temperature and pressure. These results and a few generally acknowledged facs enable me to make the following statements with regard to the loss of nitre in the manufacture of sulphuric

acid.

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(a.). Nitrous Anhydride withdrawn from the System by Means of Exit Gas.-Taking the average amount of oxygen, leaving the Gay-Lussac column at 10 per cent, and the average amount of nitrate of soda used at 4 per 100 of sulphur passing into the chambers, the results of seven different large works show that the loss of nitre from this source is about 10.5 per cent of the nitrate used. (b.) Loss of Nitrous Anhydride by Imperfect Denitratin.-This loss is acknowledged by all authorities to be snall. Mr. Davies (CHEMICAL NEWSs, vol. xxxvii., p. 155) allows from 10 to 15 per cent of nitrate as lost by vitriol which was not at all denitrated. In Messrs. Gaskell, Deacon, and Co.'s works the loss from this source hardly ever reaches 6 per cent. From analyses of Glover-tower vitriol, published by Mr. Mactear, I calculate a loss of 2 per cent; Mr. Davies usually finds traces only in Glover-tower vitriol. If I assume 10 per cent of loss from imperfect denitration I greatly exaggerate.

(c) Loss from Leakage of Apparatus.-This loss cannot be estimated directly. The loss of sulphur from all sources does not exceed 10 per cent. Most of this is lost as sulphurous acid passing into the chimney with the exit gas, and into the air from the kilns. The amount leaking into the air from the chambers is trifling. Hence the nitrogen acids leaking into the air from the chambers

The exaggerated total losses from all sources amount to 45 per cent, leaving 55 per cent of the nitrate of soda used still to be accounted for. These 55 per cent represent the chemical loss from the Glover tower, or the GayLussac tower, or both.

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Mr. Davies thought he had explained this loss by the oxidation of the arsenious acid to arsenic acid in the Gay-Lussac column by the following reaction:As2O3+2N203=As2O5+2N2O2,

and he gave it as his opinion that the N202 escaped into the chimney. But this explanation will not hold good, place even at temperatures (220° to 230° F.) which never for two reasons: (1.) Because this reaction does not take obtain in Gay-Lussac columns. (2.) Even if the reaction did occur to an infinitesimal amount, it does not follow that the nitric oxide is lost, since the gas usually contains higher oxides; and any escape of such higher oxides is sufficient oxygen (8 to 10 per cent) to re-convert it into already included in the mechanical loss (a).

The mere fact that As2O5 occurs in Gay-Lussac vitriol can be explained without having recourse to the imaginary reaction on which all Mr. Davies's calculations are based.

The loss of nitre from chemical causes cannot theretore

be explained as taking place in the Gay-Lussac column,
and, since only the Glover tower remains, I cannot agree
to any such statement, that all fear of appreciable loss of
nitre in that piece of apparatus has vanished.
turer to put him off his guard and prevent further search
It is not, in my opinion, any service to the manufac-
&c.,
by such statements.—I am,

Laboratory of Gaskell, Deacon, and Co.,
Widnes.

FERDINAND HURTER.

CHLORIDE OF CALCIUM.

To the Editor of the Chemical News. SIR,-In the CHEMICAL NEWS, vol. xxxix., p. 122, there is an answer from Messrs. Gaskell, Deacon, and Co., to my notice on chloride of calcium, which you kindly published (p. 97). Allow me to add a few more words. Very little knowledge of chemistry would be required for any person to know that chloride of calcium is a by-product in the manufacture of carbonate of soda by the Leblanc process and of bleaching-powder by the Weldon process. I wished to call the attention of manufacturers to the production of calcium chloride, because it is produced in large and increasing quantities in the manufacture of carbonate of soda by the ammonia process, which quantities are to be added to those produced by the other manufactures. Messrs. Gaskell, Deacon, and Co., advertise the sale of this product. I never doubted that it is sold by them; but I should like to know at what price these gentlemen used to sell it before the introduction of the Solvay process, which has considerably lowered its market value. It is on account of the low price and the large production that I wished to hear of new processes in which it could be used.-I am, &c.,

Sarrebruck, April 11, 1879.

O. GLUGE.

MANUFACTURE OF PICRIC ACID.

To the Editor of the Chemical News. SIR,-I noticed in the abstract from the Chemiker Zeitung (No. 10, 1879). which appeared in the CHEMICAL NEWS, vol. xxxix., p. 150, on the above subject, that a certain J Marzelli proposes "to add slowly the sulphacid of phenol to concentrated nitric acid." I may just mention that I know of at least one English manufacturer who used this method and manner of operating advantageously some ten years ago. So long ago as this I have also myself used the method, allowing the sulphacid to fall drop by drop through a tap-funnel into the concentrated nitric acid. This plan is an excellent one, and I am under the impression it is better and more widely known to manufacturers than J. Marzelli is aware of. I am under the impression, too, thatI have seen, about a year and a half ago, more than one student in the Technical Laboratory of the Polytechnikum of this town preparing picric acid according to the above-mentioned scheme, as that of a known technical process. I am, &c.,

Zürich, April 6, 1879.

WATSON SMITH, F.C.S., F.I.C.

is insoluble in ether. The yellowish brown solution turns the plane of polarised light slightly to the right. Action of Cyanogen upon Amido-benzoic Acid and Anthranilic Acid in Aqueous Solution.-P. Griess.From the reaction of cyanogen upon metamido-benzoic acid the author obtained amido-benzoic percyanide and a new compound, cyan-carbimidamido-benzoic acid. The latter of these compounds has an acid reaction, but forms salts both with bases and acids. At elevated temperatures and on treatment with acids it proves very unstable, and a number of interesting compounds are produced by its decompositions. The action of cyanogen upon anthranilic acid in aqueous solution gives rise to bicyan-amido-phenol.

Pinacons and Pinacolins.-W., Thörner and T. Zincke.-The authors give an account of the three acetophenon-pinacolins.

Diphenyl-methyl-acetic Acid.-W. Thörner and T. Zincke. This compound, Cr5H1Oz, crystallises from dilute alcohol in white ramified leaflets, but from pure alcohol in shining transparent cubes. It melts at 1732. Several of its salts are described.

Hydrocarbon, C16H12, from Phenyl-glycol.-A. Breuer and T. Zincke.-This hydrocarbon, on oxidation with chromic acid, is converted into a quinon, C16H1002, which in solution is readily polarised under the influence

CHEMICAL NOTICES FROM FOREIGN of light. With neutral and acid alkaline sulphites it

SOURCES.

NOTE. All degrees of temperature are Centigrade, unless otherwise expressed.

Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin,
No. 16, 1879.

Action of Anhydrous Hypochlorous Acid upon
Ethylen.-E. Mulder and G. J. W. Bremer.-The authors
obtained a compound represented by the formula-
C4H6C1202.

Constitution of Ultramarine.-Arthur Lehmann. Not susceptible of useful abstraction.

Double Salts of Calcium Sulphate with other Salts and Behaviour of Gypsum in Certain Saturated Saline Solutions.-R. Fassbender.-A precipitate which the author had formerly obtained by adding solid sulphate of potassa to a saturated solution of gypsum and potassic chloride proved to be a mere mixture of the two sulphates with varying quantities of potassic chloride. The latter salt is very obstinately retained by the sulphates of calcium and potassium as is also potassic nitrate. The author confirms Struve's result that calcio-potassic sulphate is obtained by the action of potassic chloride upon gypsum. Action of Hydrogen upon Meta-nitro-para-trichlor-acetoluyd and Meta-nitro-para-valeryl-toluyd. -T. Friederici.-Not suitable for abstraction.

New Method of Preparing Chrysanissic Acid.-T. Friederici. The author oxidises dinitro-acetolayd by the action of potassium pyro-chromate along with moderately dilute sulphuric acid.

On Chlor-nitro-anilins.-F. Beilstein and A. Kurbatow. The authors examine the nitro-dichlor-anilins with para-, ortho-, and meta-position of the chlorine atoms.

On so-called Dichlor-azo-phenol.-R. Hirsch.-As regards the preparation and properties of dichlor-azophenol the author confirms the statements of its discoverers, Schmitt and Bennewitz. By treatment with hydrochloric acid he obtained from it hydrochlorate of dichlor-amido-phenol.

On Cinchotenicin.-O. Hesse.-The author gives this name to an isomer of cinchotenin. It is a dark brown, perfectly amorphous mass, very brittle, and yielding a yellow powder. It is readily soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, dilute acids, ammonia, and alkaline lyes, but

yields well-crystallised compounds. On treatment with alkali there is formed an oxy-quinon, C16H10O3, and with ammonia an oxy-imido-compound, C16H11NO2.

Certain Derivatives of Phenyl-acetic Acid.-O. Stöekenius. By the reaction of ammonia upon phenylbrom-acetic acid the author obtains phenyl-amidacetic acid along with amygdalic acid.

Dissociation of Sal-ammoniac.-C. Böttinger.-The bulb of a bulb-tube is charged with sal-ammoniac, and the tube being placed nearly horizontally, a strip of red litmus paper is placed in the upper end of the tube and a strip of blue litmus in the lower. The bulb is then heated, from the upper end and turns the red paper blue, and when ammonia, being the lighter component, escapes hydrochloric acid, being the heavier, flows from the lower end and turns the blue paper red. Success depends on the inclination of the tube.

Dita Bark (Alstonia s. Echites scholaris).- Erich Physiologically Active Basic Constituent of the Harnack.-The author's ditain, C22H30N2O4, is a true chemical individual, and is not to be confounded with the ditain of Grupe, a mere mixture. Its physiological action upon vertebrate animals agrees with that of curare.

On Sulpho-selen-oxy-tetra-chloride.-F. Clausnizer. -The composition of this body is SO3SeC14.

Further Methods of Formation of Sulpho-selenoxy-tetra-chloride.-F. Clausnizer. The author has obtained this compound by the joint action of pyro-sulphuric acid and selenium tetra-chloride, of pyro-sulphurylchloride and selenium tetra-chloride, and of sulphurylhydroxyl-chloride and selen-oxy-chloride.

Action of Sulphuryl-hydroxyl-chloride upon Chlorides of Titanium, Antimony, Tin, and Silicium.F. Clausnizer. The author succeeded in obtaining a double compound in the case of titanium only.

Experiments on the Preparation of Sulphurylhydroxyl-bromide and Sulphur-oxy-tetra-bromide.F. Clausnizer. The results of the experiments appear to have been negative.

Constitution of Ultramarine.-R. Rickmann.-Not available for abstraction.

Contributions to the Voluminar Law and Steric Law.-H. Schroder.-From this interesting and inportant paper we can select only the following results, to which the author draws more special attention:-The organic elements, C, H, O, N, have in general the same

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