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112

Isomeric Dinaphthyls.

Dr. ARMSTRONG had used a gas apparatus made after | Mr. Thomas's model with great success. His stopcock was bored. The leakage of the old stopcocks might be due to corrosion by resin cerate. Bullocks' fat was most suitable for lubrication (Prof. Frankland stated that melted india-rubber was always used, not resin cerate, for the taps). He suggested that the mechanism employed by Mr. Thomas for shifting the mercury trough caused much vibration he had used a small hydraulic lift. If the india-rubber tube were covered with double tape sewed longitudinally no difficulty was experienced.

Mr. THOMAS, in reply, pointed out that his steel tap was of a much larger size than the old one. In answer to Dr. Armstrong, no vibration was caused by the turning aside of the mercury trough.

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WCHEMICAL NEWS,
March 14, 1879.

sation of supersaturated solution by different experimenters. Mr. Thomson's researches had modified the difficulties which existed as to the theory that the cause was the introduction of a crystal of the same salt, by pointing out that a similar salt would also act as a nucleus, and the method might prove an accurate means of determining whether two bodies of similar, were really of identical, chemical composition or not.

Dr. WITT, in reply to a question put by Mr. Thomson, said that supersaturated solutions were of frequent occur. rence in the salts of the aromatic substances, disulphoderivatives of benzene, the acetates of the different rosanilins, &c. He asked whether the phenomena of surfusion were included by Mr. Thomson in the same class as those of supersaturation.

Prof. HARTLEY suggested that the crystallisation of one salt out of a mixture, by introducing a nucleus active to it but inactive to the other salts, might be very useful for separation on the manufacturing scale.

Mr. GROSJEAN said that Crace-Calvert had thus crystallised carbolic acid from a mixture of that substance and cresolic acid.

Mr. THOMSON did not think any strict line could be drawn between superfusion and supersaturation.

The SECRETARY then read a paper by WATSON SMITH, "On the Isomeric Dinaphthyls." This communication is a continuation of the author's previous work. The immediate objects of the present investigation were—(1) To prepare a quantity of the a-a--dinaphthyl (melting-point 154°) by Lossen's method, in order to compare it with the body previously obtained by the author in yellowish plates (m.p. 147°). (2) To examine the crude product obtained by Lossen to see if it contains besides the a-a-dinaphthyls. (3) To prepare sufficient quantities of the three isomers in a completely pure condition, and to determine their vapour-densities. (4) To discover further reactions in which dinaphthyl is formed, so as to find out, if possible, so much about the conditions of its formation as would lead to a method of preparation more easily carried out and giving a larger yield of product than the present method. (1) The author prepared the a-adinaphthyl, and found that it melted at 147°, but by further boiling with animal charcoal in petroleum spirit, colourless crystals were obtained, melting at 154° to 155°. (2) The B-ẞ- and the a-ß-dinaphthyls could not be detected. (3) The pure substances were obtained, and their vapourdensities determined by V. Meyer's new apparatus with great facility; a lead-bath and nitrogen atmosphere were used. B-B-dinaphthyl, m.p. 187°, v.d. 8.73; a-a, m.p. 154°, v.d. 8.67; a-ß, m.p. 76°, v.d. 8.78; calculated v.d., 8.77. In the fourth part the author has investigated the action of carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, carbon disulphide, bromo-naphthalene on naphthalene. He has further investigated the reactions which take place when a mixture of bromo-naphthalene and naphthalene are passed over heated soda-lime, lime, ferric oxide, and silver.

The next paper was read by Mr. J. M. THOMSON, "On the Action of Isomorphous Salts in Exciting the Crystallisation of Supersaturated Solutions of each other, and some Experiments on Supersaturated Solutions of Mixed Salts." In this paper the author communicates the results of more than 400 observations. The following are given as the general results to be deduced from the experiments. The results of Gernez (Ann. Sci. de l'Ecole, norm. sup., 1861) have been confirmed and extended, showing that truly isomorphous bodies act as exciting nuclei in inducing the crystallisation of supersaturated solutions; that mere form alone does not render the body active to a supersaturated solution of a salt isomorphous with the nucleus; but that it is necessary for the nucleus to possess an identical chemical structure. Thus, cubes of iron pyrites and octahedral crystals of magnetite are inactive to alum solutions. In the case of mixtures of solutions two series of results were experienced in the same solution:-A. When the mixture consists of two salts not isomorphous-naphthyl an appreciable quantity of the other two di(1) Sudden crystallisation may commence, spreading, however, gradually through the solution, on the addition of a nucleus, causing a deposition of the body belonging to the nucleus only. (2) That when sudden crystallisation takes place, causing the deposition of both salts, there is preponderance of the salt of the same nature as the nucleus. (3) That the nucleus may remain growing slowly in the solution, becoming increased by a deposition of the salt of the same nature as the nucleus. B. When a mixture consists of two isomorphous salts-(1) Sudden crystallisation may occur, giving a deposition of both salts apparently in the proportions in which they exist in solution. (2) That when slow crystallisation takes place the nucleus increases by a deposition of the least soluble salt, showing that in mixed supersaturated solutions a gradation of phenomena may be experienced passing from those shown in the crystallisation of a true supersaturated solution to those shown in the crystallisation of an ordinary saturated solution. The experiments were chiefly made as follows:-The saturated solution to be used as a nucleus was placed either in a bulb-tube or a tube bent at its lower end into a double U (as used by Liversidge). The solution was then boiled, and the tube plugged with cottonwool. The supersaturated solution was introduced into a small flask. The tube with nucleus solution is plugged tightly into the neck of the flask, and the solution boiled. When cold, the nucleus solution is caused to crystallise, and lowered so that at first the glass only touches the solution; this produced uniformly negative results. On bringing the crystals in contact by breaking the bulb or lowering the U-tube crystallisation commenced if the nucleus was active. The author is continuing his experiments, and promises a further communication on the subject. The substances already experimented with include-Magnesium sulphate, 7H2O, to which zinc, nickel, cobalt, iron sulphates with 7H2O are all active; sodium sulphate with 10 or 5H2O being inactive; sodium sulphate and seleniate, 10H2O, are active to sodium sulphate solution, 10H2O. Chrome and iron potassium alums with 12H2O are active to the ordinary potash alum, &c.

The PRESIDENT remarked how various were the conclusions which had been arrived at concerning the crystalli

The Society then adjourned to March 20, when the following papers will be read:-" On Perplumbic Ethide," by E. Frankland and A. Laurance; "On the Decomposition of Water by certain Metalloids," by C. F. Cross and A. Higgin; "On the Volumetric Determination of Chromium," by W. J. Sole; "The Production of the Higher Oxides of Iron, Chromium, Manganese, and Bismuth," by

W. Foster.

PHYSICAL SOCIETY.
Ordinary Meeting, March 8, 1879.

Prof. W. G. ADAMS, President, in the Chair.

DR. HURST and Mr. Jacob were elected Members.

Proí. AYRTON brought forward a new theory of terres. trial magnetism, originated by himself and Prof. Perry, of the Imperial Engineering College, Japan. It is well known

Ordinary Meeting, February 18, 1872.

J. P. JOULE, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., &c., President, in the Chair.

JAMES BOTTOMLEY, B.A., D.Sc., and RICHARD S. Dale,
B.A., were appointed Auditors of the Treasurer's accounts.
"On a Chemical Investigation of Japanese Lacquer, or
Communicated by

that metal cages act as screens against induction in the | MANCHESTER LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL case of static electricity or electricity at rest, and hence SOCIETY. Clerk Maxwell, at the British Association meeting for 1876, suggested that no earth connection was necessary for lightning-conductors, since a cage would be sufficient. But dynamic electricity is different from static in this respect, and Profs. Ayrton and Perry found that even a thick block of copper will not screen a coil of wire from the induction by a current flowing in a neighbouring one. Some experiments of Dr. Muirhead, not yet published, would seem to favour the view that a current is a series of intermittent changes of potential, and that the inductive effectUrushi,'" by SADAMU ISHIMATSU. was due to a difference in the epochs of the currents in Professor Roscoe, LL.D., F.R.S. the two coils. It was found by Helmholtz that a quantity During a few months last year I had the opportunity of of static electricity in mechanical motion performs work examining roughly into the nature of "Urushi," in the conversely. Mr. Crookes finds that the stream of mole- Laboratory of Tokio University. cules from a - pole in vacuo is electrified and may be deflected by a magnet. It is upon that fact that Profs. Ayrton and Perry have based their theory, which is easily explained by supposing the earth to be an isolated sphere with a static charge residing on its surface. Then, since each electrified particle at the surface will be moving relatively to a point in the interior, it follows that the interior must be magnetic. The theory is independent of the substance of the interior; but in order to simplify the working the authors treated the case of a solid iron ball, and curiously enough arrived at the result expressed by Biot's law for the distribution of magnetism on the surface of the earth':

I'M √1+3 cos 20.

And, similarly, they found that if the earth were electrified to the potential of 10 volts. relatively to interplanetary space, its magnetisation would be as it is. If the earth were alone in the universe, then, by this theory, it would have its own magnetic state by virtue of its electric charge and axial rotation. If other bodies in the universe, however, had their magnetic states too, these would influence the earth's, and hence we should have terrestrial tides and storms of magnetic force, such as are known to exist, as, for instance, when changes take place in the sun's atmosphere by approach of planets and other causes. Lastly, the iron in the interior of the earth may give it a certain amount of coercitive force, but the theory does not rest on this.

Dr. J. HOPKINSON then read an account of some experiments with the quadrant electrometer, which showed that Clerk Maxwell's formula for the sensibility of the

meter,

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The specimen of lacquer which I had under my examination was obtained from Kuyemon Nakamuraya, in Tokio, a large lacquer merchant.

It is a milky juice of pale grey colour, and gives out a certain kind of poisonous volatile gas. Some persons are terribly attacked by this poison, producing a great swelling where the acid comes in contact. During my examination in the laboratory one of the apparatus keepers was terribly attacked by this gas, producing ugly swellings all over the face. He told me at the time it was exceedingly itchy. By using the solution of chloride of sodium, carbonate of soda, acetate of lead, &c., he was said to have recovered within a week. This poison acts only on certain persons. I had to work with it for many days, yet never had any attack of the kind nor felt any uneasiness from it. ting taste. It burns with very luminous flame, evolving dense black smoke like oil of turpentine.

It has a sweetish characteristic smell, and has an irrita

alcohol, &c., leaving behind a blackish grey residue in
It is to a great extent soluble in benzol, ether, absolute
which gum was found.

weight, and at the same time blackens on its surface;
Lacquer on exposure to the atmosphere rapidly loses its
although this loss is different in different specimens, yet
to vary from 25 to 37 per cent.
on the average of those which I have examined it seems

When the lacquer is exposed to the action of sunlight in hermetically sealed vessels in the atmosphere or in carbonic acid, blackening does not take place, but a large quantity of moisture collects on the sides of the vessel.

electro-entirely due to the escape of water, with a minute quanThe loss of weight in the atmosphere is almost if not tity of carbonic acid which may be formed by the oxidation of some organic compound existing in the lacquer. The attempt has been made to estimate the relative amounts of carbonic acid and water; yet it was not successful at the time, being too difficult, and it must be left open to some future investigation.

where A and B are the potentials of the two pairs of quadrants, and C the potential of the needle, only holds good when C (the charge of the jar cr needle) is less than 200 Daniell elements. Above that a different law appears to hold. Dr. Hopkinson also remarked that any degree of low sensibility down to zero could be got from the electrometer by connecting a condenser to each pair of quadrants, and adjusting their capacities.

Mr. F. D. BROWN described his apparatus for maintaining constant temperatures and pressures. A constant temperature can be obtained if the pressure can be kept constant. The vessel in which the constant pressure is desired communicates with an air-pump by a pipe in which a movable tap or valve is placed. By opening or closing this tap the pressure is regulated. This is effected by an electric clutch arrangement. A mercury anemometer sends a positive or negative current from a battery through the clutch according as the pressure is too high or low, and this current actuates the clutch to close or open the valve. The clutch consists of an axle driven by a turbine to get power to work the valve, and the current, by means of electro-magnetism, connects the tap to the axle, which then opens or closes it as the case may be. In this way a pressure varying no more than one-fifth millimetre each way can be obtained.

It is by many supposed to be due to the combined action of light and air that the blackening of lacquer in the air takes place; but this seems to be erroneous from the following experiments:-First. I made a square box which had a well fitting sliding door, and the inside of which was made perfectly black, so that practically no light is permitted to enter. In it was placed a small quantity of lacquer at dark, and the door closely shut. On looking at it the next morning it was observed that the lacquer had turned perfectly black, proving that it is not the light that blackens the lacquer.

Second. The bottle in which I kept my lacquer for more than three months during my examination was exposed to the incident light of the laboratory. The surface of the lacquer was turned perfectly black, forming a wall as it were; while those portions which were in contact with the sides of the bottle, which receive as much light as if there were not any glass sides before it, were not at all blackened. This phenomenon is just complementary to the first one, proving that the blackening in the atmosphere is in all probability due to the oxygen of the air, but not the light alone, nor the combined action of light and air.

114

Chemical Investigation of Japanese Lacquer.

The lacquer when distilled with water gives a colourless | cold water. distillate which is slightly acid to test-paper, and the attempt has been made to examine the acid, but not successfully on account of too minute quantity of the substance evolved. Distillation by itself and in a current of steam was tried also, but the results in both cases were the same as the first one. Lastly, distilled with a small quantity of dilute sulphuric acid, to aid the substance to distil over, into sugar of lead, scarcely any precipitate was obtained.

Lacquer mixes with any kind of fixed oil in all proportions; hence oil is often added as adulteration, but sometimes it is purposely added to increase its mobility. The specimen of lacquer which I examined consisted of the following three substances :

I.

Part soluble in absolute alcohol) 58-24

II.

58.23

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As I have already mentioned, the lacquer loses its weight very rapidly when exposed to the atmosphere. For the above determination I weighed out each time samples from well stoppered bottles, and determined the weight by difference. Then this was treated with absolute alcohol and the filtrate evaporated to small bulk and dried in an air-bath at 100° C. until the weight remained constant. This is put down as the part soluble in alcohol in the above analysis. The residue was then treated with hot water, and the filtrate evaporated and dried at 100° and weighed as gum. The residue, after the gum had been removed, was then washed, and dried on weighed filter at 100° C., and weighed as residue. The moisture and other volatile matter were of course determined by the difference. The estimation of the amount of part soluble in alcohol, after the lacquer had been exposed to the sunlight in open vessel for some twenty or thirty days, shows that the soluble part increased up to 72.82 per cent. This number, when calculated for the substance to have lost 28 per cent moisture and other volatile matter during exposure, then equals 58.3 per cent, which is nearly equal and practically the same as the analysis previously given; hence there seems to have been no material change in the amount of matter soluble in alcohol. Now the perfectly dried lacquer, after being finely powdered, was dried at 100°, and analysis gave :

Part soluble in absolute alcohol
Gum ..

Residue.

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18'07 3.63 78.30

100'00

Altogether, from this analysis, the residue being increased, the lacquer seems to have undergone some change; but possibly this is owing to the fact that the alcohol as well as water seem to have had less complete access to the material.

Thus the "Urushi" consists of three principal constituents, (1) a resinous part soluble in alcohol, (2) gum, and (3) residue. Although there are, in addition to these, water and volatile matter, as they go away sooner or later before it is used they are not properly called the consti

tuents.

(1) Part soluble in alcohol (resin) seems to be the principal portion, and has a smell like ordinary lacquer, but it never dries as the original does. It is brownish black, and slightly sticky to the touch. When treated with potash solution it forms a bluish black precipitate, but nothing is obtained on addition of sulphuric acid to the filtrate.

When boiled with hydrochloric acid the resin is transformed into a substance elastic while hot, something like the mass obtained when heated sulphur is dropped into

CHEMICAL NEWS, [March 14, 1879.

When boiled with nitric acid nitrous fumes are given out, and the mass gradually becomes yellow, and finally a beautiful orange coloured mass was obtained. This mass was washed with hot water several times, and then treated with absolute alcohol. The mass was to a great extent soluble in the alcohol, leaving behind a small quantity of a yellowish body (which I think to be part not sufficiently acted upon by the acid). This alcoholic extract forms a beautiful yellow precipitate with both nitrate of silver and acetate of lead. I took a quantity of alcoholic extract, precipitated it with acetate of lead, and the precipitate was thoroughly washed with absolute alcohol, and then decomposed by means of dilute sulphuric acid. (It might be better to decompose this salt with sulphu retted hydrogen, but we cannot do so on account of reducing action of this gas.) The mass was dissolved again in absolute alcohol, then separated from sulphate of lead. Now then this separated alcoholic extract was again precipitated by sugar of lead, and, after filtering and washing, the precipitate was dried partially in an air-bath, and carried under the receiver of an air-pump and dried over sulphuric acid.

This lead salt exploded when heated. The amount of lead was estimated as oxide by igniting it with nitric acid, and the salt was subjected to organic combustion. Nitrogen was determined by Dumas's method.

The following numbers were obtained as the mean results :.. 26'93

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Carbon
Hydrogen

NO2

PbO
Oxygen

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These analyses yield a formula approximating to the composition of common gum.

(3.) The residue is, I think, nothing more than the mixture of cellulose, bark, dust, &c.

In concluding my paper I must say that I am not at all satisfied with my present analyses, but I thought it might be of some interest to some of you from the point that, although the varnished articles from this juice are so celebrated, yet, as far as I am aware, this is the first analysis of the kind that has been heretofore attempted, and might be of some use to those who are interested upon this subject.

CORRESPONDENCE.

THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY.

To the Editor of the Chemical News. SIR,-Judging from the erroneous statements contained in a letter signed" A Disgusted Promoter," in the CHEMICAL NEWS, vol. xxxix., p. 102, it would seem either that all the notices and papers sent to Members had miscarried in his case, or that the writer, although on the original Committee, as he intimates, is not actually a Fellow of the Institute.

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So far from it being true "that the executive dared not publish a report of the meeting because nearly all the speakers upheld the system of giving certificates for advertising purposes," a report of the Conference on Trade Certificates has been printed for the use of Members. Again, the writer says "In a few days' time a second conference will be held, at which the subject of the Adulteration of Food and Drugs' will be discussed." If he were actually a Fellow of the Institute he ought to know that that conference took place a fortnight ago, and that the notice sent out stated the subject to be "Adulteration of Articles of Food," and not " Adulteration of Food and Drugs." If, however, "A Disgusted Promoter" is really a Fellow of the Institute, and through some extraordinary and unfortunate coincidence all the notices, &c., have miscarried in his case, I should feel much obliged if he would communicate with me on the subject, and I will endeavour to ascertain the cause.

In conclusion, I may say that although the Council welcome open and fair criticism of their proceedings by independent Members, an anonymous letter recommending the Fellows not to pay their subscriptions can scarcely be considered as of that nature.-I am, &c.,

CHARLES E. GROVES, Secretary.

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To the Editor of the Chemical News. SIR,-Seeing Mr. Whewell's interesting contribution on farina in the CHEMICAL NEWS (vol. xxxix., p. 97) reminds me of a question I have often wished to ask. Having been now interested for some years in the crystallisation of phosphorus, anthracen, &c., in vacuo, I have eagerly looked for further details of Mr. Whewell's experiments (vol. xxxviii., p. 205). Mr. Whewell there states that if the phosphorus is heated and spread over the sides of the tube" beautiful colourless crystals" will be obtained, "which will be slightly red." He also states that having made some of these peculiar crystals he sent them to a well-known mineralogist, who promised to examine them. Is Mr. Whewell in a position now to give us more information concerning them or even the well-known mineralogist's report. I am, &c.,

GEORGE E. DAVIS.

CHEMICAL NOTICES FROM FOREIGN SOURCES.

NOTE.-All degrees of temperature are Centigrade, unless otherwis expressed.

to the will and provided with nerves for centrifugal action, have further a very analogous chemical composition, and even some points of structural resemblance. These views, put forward before physicists had developed the theory of the correlation of forces, were necessarily very vague. It might even be conceived that in the living organism, as well as in our physical instruments, analogous conditions might produce either mechanical work or electricity. Having found that muscular acts are complex, i.e., that a muscle in tetanus or in contraction executes a series of minute successive movements, which the author calls shocks, which accumulate to produce muscular contraction, there a similar complexity. Having passed this discharge he has examined the discharge of the torpedo, and found through an electro-magnetic tracing apparatus he found that it was made up of minute shocks, which recur at the rate of 150 in a second. Cold reduces the rate alike of the muscular and electric shocks, whilst heat acts inversely. Hence the author concludes that these two functions are really homologues. similar results to those of the torpedo. The latter fish, The gymnotus gave when connected with a telephone and slightly excited, produced a very short croaking. If a prolonged discharge is occasioned by pricking the electric lobe of the brain the sound produced lasts three or four seconds and in tonality borders upon mi (165 vibrations).

of Cerite ?-Lecoq de Boisbaudran.-The author conDoes the Didymium of Samarskite Differ from that cludes that both give alike the three blue rays 482′2, 475'8, and 469.1.

New Spectral Rays in Substances Extracted from Samarskite.-Lecoq de Boisbaudran.-On examining with the spectroscope both by absorption and by means of the electric spark, the products of his operations on the mixture of earths from samarskite, the author has ob. served rays or bands not to be referred to any element formerly known, and not corresponding to the descriptions of the spectra of the earths recently announced by MM. Delafontaine, L. Smith, Soret, and De Marignac. These new rays of absorption and emission seem to belong to one and the same body. The emission spectrum is composed of four bands shaded towards the left and formed of narrow rays, the strongest of which is the most refrangible and forms the right margin of the band. The absorption spectrum comprises two strong bands in the blue, and several rays of less importance in the green. The metal which yields these new spectra is precipitated as a double potassic sulphate along with didymium; its simple sulphate is rather less soluble than that of didymium; its oxalate is precipitated along with didymium, but ammonia separates the oxide of the new metal before that of didymium.

Unequal Propagation of Light Polarised Circularly in Bodies Submitted to the Action of Magand of the Luminous Vibrations.-H. Becquerel.— netism According to the Direction of Magnetisation The phenomena of magnetic rotatory polarisation is accompanied, like natural rotatory polarisation, with a variation in the speed of propagation of two luminous rays polarised circularly in an inverse direction.

Compressibility of Gases at High Pressures.-E. H. Amagat.-Under a pressure of 430 atmospheres the volume of a gas is nearly greater than that which is deduced from the law of Mariotte.

Improvements in Harrison's Electric Lamp.-E. Ducretet.-This paper is not intelligible without the ac

Relations which Connect the Tetric and Oxytetric Acids and their Homologues to Succinyl, Malyl, and other Radicles of the Bibasic Acids.-M. E.

Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances, l'Académie de companying figure." des Sciences. No. 7, February 17, 1879. Researches on Electric Fishes; Characters of the Discharge of the Gymnotus; Effects of the Discharge of the Torpedo Received in a Telephone. E. J. Marey.-Physiologists have been struck with the analogies presented by a muscle and the apparatus of electric fishes. These two kinds of organs, both subject

Demarçay. The nature of the radicle of oxytetric acid is that of mallyl, the radicle of malic acid.

Bromo-citraconic Acid.-E. Bourgoin.-Not adapted for useful abstraction.

116

Chemical Notices from Foreign Sources.

Les Mondes, Revue Hebdomadaire des Sciences.

No. 8, February 20, 1879.

A Last Word on Matter.-E. Lafond.-"I announce to our friends that matter is known. I know now what it is. I will confine myself to telling you that it is essentially the negation of being! Inanis et vacua. This is a great step for science and the coronation of my system. We float in God, like the fish in water. The latter knows its element; man denies his. Which is the fool?"

Improvement in Bunsen's Battery.-F. Lefebure.The oxidation of the exterior surface of the zincs contributes nothing to the liberation of electricity, so it may be safely covered with varnish, thus reducing the consumption of zinc by one half.

Poisonous Properties of Phenic Acid.--According to M. E. Küster the surgical use of this acid is not unattended with danger. He has collected twenty-six cases of evident poisoning, more or less severe. He recommends thymol, salicylic acid, or dilute solutions of zinc chloride (8 per cent) as antiseptic dressings.

An Unfortunate Pharmacist.-A French pharmacist has been fined 625 francs for illegally practising medicine. He had sold a few sous worth of "white water" (Goulard's lotion) for the treatment of a burn. The patient died of tetanus and the pharmacist was accused of poisoning, but finally escaped with the penalty above mentioned.

The Birth-rate in France.-Dr. Bertillon calculates that France capitalises 1 milliards yearly by reason of its small birth-rate, whilst Germany loses 1 milliards yearly by the rapid increase of its population.

Preservation of the Eggs of the Silk-worm in Different Gaseous Media.-G. Luvini.-The author has

THE

MONTHLY JOURNAL

AND ANNALS OF

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preserved the eggs of the silk-worm in hydrogen, carbonic PATENTEES' MANUAL.

A Treatise on the Law and Practice of Letters Patent,

acid, oxygen, and nitrogen for about three months. Those which had been kept in carbonic acid and in nitrogen after removal hatched well and gave an almost especially intended for the use of Patentees and Inventors. complete yield.

Verhandlungen des Vereins zur Beforderung des
Gewerbfleisses. Part 1, January, 1879.
This part contains no chemico-technological matter.

MEETINGS FOR THE WEEK.

MONDAY, 17th.-Medical, 8.

Society of Arts, 8. "Dwelling Houses
Sanitary Construction and Arrangements," by
Their
Dr. W. H. Corfield, M.A. (Cantor Lectures.)
London Institution, 5.

TUESDAY, 18th.-Civil Engineers, 8.

JAMES

BY

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Of the Middle Temple, Barrister-at-Law, and
J. HENRY JOHNSON,

Solicitor and Patent Agent, Assoc. Inst. C.E. 47, Lincoln's
Inn Fields, W.C., and Glasgow.

This Edition, much enlarged, gives a practical reference
to every reported case of importance, and contains all the
and Patentees can require.
information on the law and practice of Patents Inventors

The Appendix contains the Statutes and Rules, and a

Royal Institution, 3. "Animal Development," summary of the Laws of all Foreign States and British

Prof. Schäfer.

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Colonies.

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The Production of the Higher Oxides of Iron, ROYAL

Chromium, Manganese, and Bismuth," by W.
Foster.

London Institution, 7.
Zoological, 4.

FRIDAY, 21st.-Royal Institution, 9. "Denotating Agents," by Prof.
Ábel.

Haden.

SATURDAY, 22nd.-Royal Institution, 3. "Etching," by Mr. Seymour
Physical, 3. "On Selective Reflection," by Capt.
Abney, R.E., F.R.S. "On the Fracture of
Colloids," by Dr. F. Guthrie, F.R.S.

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PILGRIM'S PROGRESS, illustrated by Dissolving Views and Scenic Tableaux. The allegory has been adapted by Dr. AVELING, and is read by Mr. OSCAR HARTWELL. THE ELECTRIC LIGHT, by Mr. J. L. KING.-VOYAGES IN THE AIR (a pictorial and experimental lecture), by Mr. T. C. HEPWORTH.-THE STEAM ENGINE, its origin, history, and present perfection; and GAS, what it does and what it can do'; both experimental and highly interesting lectures, by Mr. J. L. KING.-In preparation, a dioramic lecture on the ZULUS and their Country, by Mr. W. K. MAY.-Admission Is.; after 8.45 p.m. (including reserved Stalls), Is.; Schools and Children under 10, 6d. Open from 12 till 5, and from 7 till 10.

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