POPES.

Marinus I. 882-884.

Hadrian III. 884, 885.

Stephen VI. 885-891.
Formosus, 891-896.

Boniface VI. 896 (15 days).
Stephen VII. 896, 897.
Romanus, 897.

Theodore II. 897 or 898.

John IX. 898–900.

Benedict IV. 900–903.

Leo V. 903.
Christopher, 903.
Sergius III. 904–911.
Anastasius III. 911-913.
Lando, 913.

John X. 914-928.
Leo VII. 928.

Stephen VIII. 929–931.
John XI. 931–936.
Leo VI. 936-939.
Stephen IX. 939–942.
Marinus II. 943-946.
Agapete II. 946-955.

John XII. 956–964.

(Leo VIII. 963, Benedict V. 964, Anti

popes.)

John XIII. 965–972.

EMPERORS.

Charles III. (the Fat) 881-887,

Guido, 891-894, and Lambert, 894-896.

Arnulph, 896-899.

Louis III. (the Child) 900-911.

Conrad I. 911-918.

Henry I. 919-936.

Otho I. 936-973.

Benedict VI. 972–974.

Otho II. 973-983.

(Boniface (Franco) VII. 974,) Here,

probably, no pope Domnus or Donus.

Benedict VII. 974-983.

John XIV. 983-984.

John XV. 984–996.

Gregory V. 996–999 (1st Germ. Pope). Otho III. 996-1002.
(John XVI. 997, Antipope).

Sylvester II. 999-1003 (1st French Henry II. 1002–1024.
Pope).

Stephen X. 1057, 1058 (6th German Henry IV. 1056-1106.

Alexander V. 1409, 1410, elected by Sigismund, 1410-1437.

Eugene IV., 1431–1447 (Felix V. Anti- Albert II. 1438, 1439.

Alexander VI. 1492-1503 (a Spaniard). Maximilian I. 1493-1519.

II. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

OF THE

MOST IMPORTANT PERSONAGES AND EVENTS DURING THE SECOND PERIOD (700-1517), FIRST EPOCH (700-1073).

DIONYSIAN ERA.

711. Invasion of Spain by the Saracens.

718. Winfried (St. Boniface) is authorized by Gregory II. (715–731) to evangelize the Germans (718). His labors in Friesland, Thuringia, and Hessia.

723. Before his consecration at Rome he takes the oath to the Pope. As bishop he takes the name of Boniface.

726. The Greek emperor, Leo III. the Isaurian, issues an edict against the veneration of images. Corbinian founds the bishopric of Freisingen and becomes its first bishop († 730).

732. Victory of Charles Martel over the Arabs at Tours. Gregory III. raises Boniface to the archiepiscopal dignity, and assigns to him Mentz as his metropolitan see, with thirteen suffragans (738). Synodal jurisdiction (Testes Syonadales.) Special penitentiary discipline. Cases of conscience.

735. Death of Venerable Bede, the most learned man of his age. 741-752. Pope Zachary saves Rome from the ravages of Luitprand and. Rachis, kings of Lombardy (745 and 750). Death of Charles Martel in 741. Reigns of his sons Pepin and Carloman.

742. Holding of the first German Council under the presidency of Boniface, who makes all the bishops take the oath of fidelity to the Pope. Ecclesiastics are forbidden to bear arms.

744. St. Boniface and his disciple, Sturm, found the monastery of Fulda. 752–768. Pepin, king of the Franks, is recognized by Pope Zachary and

anointed by Boniface. Stephen II., Pope (752-757), is severely harassed by the Lombards. He applies for aid to Pepin, whom he also anoints at St. Denys, and nominates Patritius-i. e., Protector and Advocate of the Roman Church (753).

754. The Council of Constantinople condemns image-worship. St. John Damascene, the last great name in the literature of the Greek Church, dies shortly after. Pepin the Patritius descends into Italy against Aistolphus, first in 754, and again in 756. In consequence of these expeditions the estates of the Church and the Roman Republic are restored.

(1073)

DIONYSIAN ERA.

755. St. Boniface, having transferred his bishopric to his disciple Lullus, is martyred among the Frieslanders.

C. 760. The Rule of Chrodegang of Metz is adopted for the secular clergy. 768-814. Intimate relations of Charlemagne and Hadrian I. (772–795.) 774. Pope Hadrian authorizes Heddo, bishop of Strasburg, to divide his diocese into seven archdeaconries. Capitula ruralia had existed long before, under the supervision of archpriests. Expedition of Charlemagne against the Desiderius king of the Lombards; he adds to the donation of his father.

779. Charlemagne publishes a law establishing the tithe.

780-814. To facilitate the conversion of the Saxons (772), Charlemagne founds the bishoprics of Osnabrück, Verden, Bremen (Willehad, Bishop, † 788), Minden, Münster (803), Seligenstadt, Hildesheim (Elze). Ludger, first bishop of Münster († 809). In 809, the Council of Aix-la-Chapelle uses the term "Filioque."

787. Seventh Ecumenical Council of Nice convenes to defend the veneration of images.

790. Canons of this council are unjustly censured in Caroline Books. 792-794. Adoptionism is condemned at Ratisbonne in 792, and again at Frankfort, 794. Image-worship is severely censured. Alcuin publishes his Libellus adversus haeresin Felicis (Adoptionism). 796. Alcuin founds the School of Tours. Paul Warnefried (Paulus Diaconus), † 799. Alcuin and Paulinus, † 804.

800. Having put an end to the kingdom of the Lombards, Charlemagne renews his donation at the Tomb of St. Peter, and is crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III., who thus re-establishes the Empire of the West on a thorough Christian basis. From this time forth Charlemagne assumes the title of "devotus sanctae Ecclesiae defensor humilisque adjutor.

813. Councils of Châlons-sur-Saône, Arles, Meutz, Rheims, and Tours.

Capitularia interrogationis.

814-840. Charlemagne († 814) is succeeded by Louis the Mild. Death of Leo III., 816. Pashal I. (817–824.) After the death of Charlemagne, his secretary, Eginhard, quits court.

816, 817. Diet and Council of Aix-la-Chapelle. Chiefly through the efforts of Amalric of Metz, the clergy accept the Rule of Chrodegang. Agobard is made Archbishop of Lyons. Monastic reform of St. Benedict of Aniane. Death of Benedict of Aniane, and Theodulph of Orleans, 821.

822, 827, 831. Ebbo, Archbishop of Rheims, and the monk Halitgar are appointed to go as missionaries into Denmark and Northern Europe by the diet of Attigny (822). Activity and successes of Ansgar and Authert in Denmark and Sweden (827, 831, 853).

827-848. Gregory IV. Pope. Difficulties of his position arising out of his relations to the revolted sons of Louis the Mild. False Isidorian decretals.

831. Louis the Mild founds the Archbishopric of Hamburg, of which Ansgar becomes first archbishop. Paschasius Radbert, de corpore