in vain. The Spirit of the Lord has given them it more difficult for him to comprehend some proofs of his presence and grace.

the simple doctrines of a spiritual religion. He professes to have given up all We have been permitted to receive idolatrous ceremonies; but he still into the church during the past year ten resides at the temple; and he has no persons by profession. Of the baptism means of subsistence if he leaves it. of three of these, and of the death of Having been a priest for a long time, he one, mention was made in our July letter. is unfit for labor or for business. Poor On the last Sabbath of November we man! Nothing but almighty grace can baptized five more, and on the first Sab-rescue him. It would seem that he must bath of December two.

look starvation in the face, and make up his mind to suffer it, if it be the Lord's will, before he can throw off the fetters by which Satan has bound him.

The Field open - Help needed.

Most of the ten have been called to experience severe trials. One of them was gaining a bare living from the profits of a small shop, in which he sold paper and candles, &c., to be used in idolatrous worship. As he became acquainted with the gospel, he soon found that his The subjoined extracts are respectfully combusiness was opposed to the doctrines of mended to the denomination with which Messrs. Christianity. A hard contest ensued; Doty and Talmage are connected. These brethbut the power of the gospel finally tri-ren evidently need an immediate re-inforcement. umphed. He gave up his business, and Who will go? with it his only expectation of making a livelihood; and for some months he had no prospect before him and his family but beggary and starvation, except such as a hope in God afforded.

Another held a small office under the government, the duties of which were inconsistent with obedience to the gospel, but the perquisites of which were his only means of sustaining his family, including an aged father. The conflict seemed still more fearful in this case, and lasted much longer. We hoped that the truth had taken deep root in him; but we began to tremble for the result. Still the love of Christ, as we trust, finally gained the victory. He gave up his office, gave up his living, gave up the world, that he might secure the salvation of his soul, and confess Christ before men. And it was so with most of the others. They were called to sacrifice their worldly prospects in order to embrace the gospel.

Christians in the United States. Mr. Talmage thinks, hardly know what it is to take up the cross

and follow Christ.

In our July letter three inquirers were mentioned, in whom we felt a peculiar interest. The first kept a small shop for the sale of gilt paper and other articles used in idolatrous worship; the second was employed in a lime-burning establishment; the third was a Boodhist priest. The first and second were baptized in November. The Boodhist priest is still a frequent attendant on our services; but his mind continues dark. His deeper knowledge of superstitious rites renders

This field, from the first so widely open and so inviting to the Christian laborer, still continues to open wider and become more inviting. Though the

number of missionaries should be increased many fold, each might find abundant opportunity to preach the gospel to the utmost of his ability; and none need build on another man's foundation. It seems strange and unaccountable to us, that so great and increasing a demand for laborers in this field is not responded to by our church. We know not how it can continue unheeded, without great detriment to the cause, if not criminality on the part of those who might come to our assistance. We did design to enlarge our operations during the past year, far beyond what has been done. In the many villages on the island of Amoy, and the many large towns and villages on the main land near us which are accessible, almost nothing has been done to publish the gospel. We did hope that, during the winter months at least, many of these places might be regularly visited, say once or twice a month, but instead of carrying out this plan, we have even been compelled for more than a month to contract our operations.

From the fever, which I have already mentioned, I recovered in a few weeks; but not so as to resume all my labors. I suppose my health is not now so firm as it was before my sickness. Early in December, in consequence of speaking much while laboring under a severe cold, my throat became sore. This has compelled me, in accordance with the

direction of physicians, to give up for Another argument for additional assistance the present all public speaking. My worthy of the most prayerful consideration, is chapel is closed. The meeting for women presented in the following extract: at my house, in which we felt so much interest, and which promised so much good, has been suspended. Every week

When Amoy was first occupied as a station, there was but little foreign commerce. There has been since, however, a continual increase; during the last two years the advance has been very rapid. The influence of Amoy over the surrounding country must also be increasing. The efforts of the churches should at least keep pace with the progress of

some of these heathen women have come for religious instruction; but I have been compelled to send them away empty. Even inquirers have asked for counsel, and I have been sometimes compelled to dismiss them without the instruction which they needed. The only Chinese service which I have been able to con- commerce, especially when we consider tinue, is one for the reading and exposition of the Scriptures and for prayer every morning; and at this I have done little else than oversee, leaving the Scriptures unexpounded, and calling on the converts to lead in prayer.

that there is so much in it which tends directly to subvert the little morality and virtue which now exist among this people.

We have in previous letters spoken of the moral devastation caused by the traffic in opium. This drug is used to a

Nor is this all. Mr. Doty's health has been fearful extent by all classes of the peoaltogether inadequate to the amount of labor re-ple. Until the Chinese shall be furnishquired of him; and hopeful plans have been ne-ed with the gospel, the last hope, even cessarily neglected. The friends of this mission will be glad to know, however, that Mr. Talmage wrote on the 26th of January that his and Mr. Doty's health were both improving.

Other Reasons for more Laborers.

for the present civilization of the country, seems to rest with the literary class. But opium-smoking has become so nearly universal among the educated, that it is difficult for us to find teachers who are not addicted to it. What a fearful account will many, bearing the Christian name, be obliged to render for their con

In this deficiency of laborers from America, our brethren are greatly comforted by the connection with this wicked traffic! But duct of their church members, and by the prospect that some of them will become valuable assistants. Indeed, they are such already; but the time would seem to be near when they can

be employed to much better advantage. But where are the men to wield this agency?

there are other evils growing out of commercial intercourse, which sometimes make us blush, even before the heathen, for the credit of Christian nations. It is a melancholy fact, that so many of those who are engaged in foreign traffic, when they go among the heathen, throw off all The city of Chiang-chiu, about thirty-moral restraint, and sometimes descend five miles to the west of Amoy, has often to the lowest depths of licentiousness. been mentioned in our letters. If mis- We may not relate what we are somesionaries were permitted to reside there, times compelled to behold in this respect. it would be in many respects a more But we would urge upon the Christian eligible post than Amoy. It is a larger churches, as a defence against the evils city; it is in the midst of a more popu-which are rushing in upon the heathen lous and fertile region; and it doubtless in consequence of their intercourse with exerts a wider influence over the sur-Christian nations, that the effort to pubrounding country. Even though we werelish the gospel should at least keep pace strong-handed enough, there might be with the increase of that intercourse. some objections at present to making that city a missionary station. But we might make it an out-station. We might send two of the native brethren to reside there as colporters; and one of us could go thither as often as our labors at Amoy Mr. Talmage thinks that the present exclusive and physical strength would permit, and policy of the Chinese government can not be spend some days in preaching to the maintained much longer. In case of a change, people. By this plan we might be able however, Chiang-chiu will become a more imporalso, at frequent and stated intervals, to tant place than Amoy. Hence it would seem to visit the large towns between Chiang-be very desirable that the plans of the mission chiu and Amoy. should be turned in that direction.

One great reason why we have such advantages over those who are laboring at Canton, is that the gospel and foreign commerce are coeval at Amoy.

Miscellanies.

MISSIONARY RESULTS IN INDIA.

A RECENT number of the Calcutta Review contains a very able and instructive article on "the results of missionary labor in India." The subjoined extracts will exhibit some of these

results.

"extinct."

The Roman Catholics of South

lish conquest, Christianity was Of the 340,000 in the Singhalese district in 1801, more than half had relapsed into Boodhism by 1810, and others were fast India, the descendants of the Jesuits' congoing. verts, and numbering some 40,000, are at this day scarcely distinguishable from the heathen. Their ceremonies are, to a great extent, the same; the names only of their deities differ. Such are the results of the early attempts to convert the natives of Attempts to christianize India, in whole Hindoostan; attempts, of which two were or in part, have been repeatedly made dur-made, not by the teachers of Christianity, ing a period of more than three hundred but by the governments of Europe. years; and four distinct plans of operation have been adopted for accomplishing that

Missions of the Portuguese, the Jesuits and the Dutch.

end.

The Portuguese, backed by King John, and led on by their fighting priests, endeavored to compel the people of Ceylon and South India to receive their faith by bloody massacres, cruel persecutions, imprisonments and fines. We read of no sermons preached, no distribution of the Bible effected by them; but we find that they "demolished, burnt and rooted out" the "pagan temples," sought to abolish the heathen sports, and "severely punished" obstinate recusants. The Jesuits, in the same part of the country, endeavored to accomplish the same end more thoroughly by a persevering system of the most stupendous frauds ever committed under the sun. They pretended to be brahmins of the highest caste; they dressed like Sanyasis (holy men); adapted their manners, dress and food to those of the heathen; forged a Veda; denied that they were Europeans; and, to support their character, resorted to the most unblushing lies during a period of many years.

The Dutch government next entered the field; and, in addition to setting before the heathen the same example of dishonesty, covetousness, falsehood, licentiousness, cruelty and intolerance, which they had seen in their predecessors the Portuguese, they sought to bribe the Singhalese to adopt Dutch Presbyterianism by the offer of places and situations, and to terrify them into it by refusing all government employ, and even the farming of land, to all who were not baptized, and had not signed the Helvetic confession of faith. Each of these three plans acquired thousands upon thousands of nominal converts, but nothing more. Neither cruelty nor fraud, nor appeals to self interest, laid the foundation of a sincere and permanent Christian community. It naturally followed, therefore, that these thousands of converts returned to the heathenism of their fathers, as soon as the efficient cause of their profession was withdrawn.

Danish Mission.

Another series of efforts began with the labors of the Tranquebar missionaries, in 1706. In that year Ziegenbalg and Plutscho, the well known founders of that

useful mission, entered on the work of preaching the gospel in the vernacular tongue; and for more than a century did they and their successors continue to carry

it on.

Until a few years ago, little was known of the extent and character of their work, of the stations they had founded, the missionaries who had labored, the incidents which had happened, and the results by which their labors had been followed. A recent work, however, has brought the subject prominently to light, and has enabled the Christian church to see on what an advantageous ground the work of missions was placed in South India during the last century. But that mission was almost enBegun by the tirely a continental one. King of Denmark, it was supplied almost entirely in men, and subsequently in money also, from the evangelical church and university of Halle, sustained by Augustus Herman Francke, and his illustrious suc

cessors.

The light which God had kindled in that Prussian town, sent its rays far into Southern India. So long as it continued steady, the mission stations prospered greatly; but when it faded, and at last expired, the missions languished and expired too. During the last century, more than fifty missionaries arrived in India in connection with the Tranquebar mission.

British and American Societies.

The modern era of missions in India begins with the founding of the Serampore Baptist mission in 1799. The continental Christians had retired from the work; but the churches of England and America had awoke to their duty, and were seeking to fulfil it. Within a few years stations were established in Calcutta, Madras and Bombay, and began to push outward into all the presidencies of Hindoostan. The begin

In 1802 there were 136,000 Tamil Christians in Jaffna: but in 1806, after the Eng-nings were slow but sure. One society,

then another, one missionary, and then an- the unconverted population. They have other, landed on the coast, and took up founded 309 native churches, containing their posts on the great battle-field of idol- 17,356 members, or communicants, of whom atry. The London Missionary Society sent 5,000 were admitted on the evidence of missionaries to Chinsurah, to Travancore, their being converted. These church memto Madras, Vizagapatam and Bellary, to bers form the nucleus of a native commuSurat, and lastly to Ceylon. The Ameri-nity, comprising 103,000 individuals, who can Board, after some opposition from the regularly enjoy the blessings of Bible ingovernment, occupied Bombay. The Church struction, both for young and old. The Missionary Society entered first on the old efforts of missionaries in the cause of educamissions at Madras, Tranquebar and Palam- tion are now directed to 1,345 day-schools, cottah, but soon began an altogether new in which 83,700 boys are instructed through field among the Syrian Christians in West the medium of their own vernacular lanTravancore. They planted a station at guage; to 73 boarding schools, containing Agra, far in the north-west, and maintained 1,992 boys, chiefly Christian, who reside the agency which Corrie had employed at upon the missionaries' premises, and are Chunar. A native preacher began the trained up under their eye; and to 128 work at Meerut, while two missionaries day-schools, with 14,000 boys and students, were stationed in Calcutta. The Baptist receiving a sound scriptural education Missionary Society soon occupied Jessore, through the medium of the English lanChittagong, Dinagepore, and other places; guage. Their efforts in female education and also began its mission in Ceylon. In the latter island the Wesleyans speedily followed them; and to them succeeded the missionaries of the American Board.

Agency and Results.

embrace 354 day-schools, with 11,500 girls; and 91 boarding schools, with 2,450 girls, taught almost exclusively in the vernacular languages. The Bible has been wholly translated into ten languages, and the New Testament into five, not reckoning the Serampore versions. In these ten languages, a considerable Christian literature has been produced, and also from twenty to fifty tracts, suitable for distribution among the Hindoo and Mussulman population.. Missionaries have also established and now maintain 25 printing establishments. While preaching the gospel regularly in the numerous tongues of India, missionaries maintain English services in 59 chapels for the edification of our own countrymen.

Steadily advancing in their efforts, in the year 1830, after a lapse of twenty-five years from the entry of most societies into India, the missionary agencies stood thus:-There were laboring in India and Ceylon, 10 missionary societies, including the great societies of England and the American Board; the missionaries were 147 in number, and their stations were 106, scattered over all parts of the country. Since then, however, the interest felt by European and American Christians in the conversion of this country has greatly increased; and renewed exerThe total cost of all these missions, intions to secure it have been put forth with cluding all items of expenditure, amounted vigor. The discussions concerning the Sut-in 1850 to £187,000. The items included tee, the removal of old restrictions by the last charter, the publication of numerous works on Indian missions, and the appeals made to Christian churches, have shown that India is one of the noblest fields where

missionary labor may be carried on. The result is, that during the last twenty years those churches have nearly trebled the agency previously employed, have greatly enlarged the sphere of their operations, and are beginning to reap the most substantial

fruits.

At the close of 1850, fifty years after the modern English and American societies had begun their labors in Hindoostan, and thirty years since they have been carried on in full efficiency, the stations at which the gospel is preached in India and Ceylon, are 260 in number, and engage the services of 403 missionaries, belonging to 22 missionary societies. Of these missionaries, 22 are ordained natives. Assisted by 551 native preachers, they proclaim the word of God in the bazars and markets, not only at their

Expenditure.

are the salaries of missionaries, the expenses of missionary journeys, the expenses of native preachers, of schools, and of the circulation of Christian books. Of the whole and America; and the munificent sum of sum, £153,460 were drawn from Europe £33,540 was contributed by Christians in this country. It is surely a remarkable fact that while the East India Company, with an annual revenue of twenty millions, has expended so little for the physical improvement of their great empire, for roads and bridges, and the acceleration of safe and rapid communication, the Christians of Europe, America and Hindoostan are found devoting of their own accord the sum of more than eighteen lacks of rupees to the spiritual interests of the Hindoos; a sum not drawn from government resources, but made up of the free-will offerings of Christians of all denominations.

Extension of the Duration of Missionary Life.

several stations, but in the districts around A careful examination of the different them. They have thus spread far and wide periods during which these missionaries the doctrines of Christianity, and have have labored in India, will at once explode made a considerable impression even upon a fallacy, widely circulated among the

by five superior rowers; and to us, who are accustomed to bullock wagons, the speed seemed like that of boat-races at home.

friends of missions, in relation to the length stone rock. A considerable number of of missionary service. It is generally be- bushmen live in the vicinity, and they seem lieved that in this country, owing to the to have abundance of food. Leaving this deadly climate, the average duration of mis- district of springs, and guided by a bushsionary life is seven years; and many have man, we crossed an excessively dry and come out as missionaries under the idea that difficult tract of country, and struck a small they would be certain to meet with a pre- river, called Mabali. Visiting a party of mature death. But this is a great mistake. bushmen, and another of Banajoa, we after From a careful induction of the lives or ser- some days reached the Chobe, in 18° 20' S., vices of two hundred and fifty missionaries, the river on which Sebitoane lived. The we have found that hitherto the average tsetse (a venemous insect) abounded on the duration of missionary labor in India has southern bank; and, as the depth is from been sixteen years and nine months each. twelve to fifteen feet, we could not cross It was doubtless much less at first; and with the wagons. The cattle were accordnumerous cases can be adduced in which ingly taken over to an island; and Mr. young missionaries were cut off after a very Oswell and I proceeded about thirty miles short term of labor. But a better knowl-down the river in a canoe. It was propelled edge of the climate and of the precautions to be used against it, the use of airy dwelling-houses and light dress, with other circumstances, have tended very much to reduce the influence of the climate, and preserve health; so that the average duration of life and labor is improving every year. As an illustration of this fact we may state that, out of the one hundred and fortyseven missionaries laboring in India and Ceylon in 1830, fifty (we can give their names) are still laboring in health and usefulness; while of the ninety-seven others who have since died or retired, twenty labored more than twenty years each. Seve-gether, and ended his days richer in cattle, ral living missionaries have been in India more than thirty years. It is a remarkable fact, that the average missionary life of forty-seven of the Tranquebar missionaries, last century, was twenty-two years each.

DISCOVERIES IN SOUTH AFRICA.

In the hope of preaching Christ where he was not known, Rev. Mr. Livingston, a missionary of the London Missionary Society, proceeded in the summer of 1849 from Kolobeng, the most northerly station in Southern Africa, to the regions which lay to the north-west. During this journey he discovered Lake Ngami and several large rivers. In the spring of 1850, accompanied by his family, he attempted to extend his discoveries in the same direction; but on reaching the lake, he found his progress arrested by the prevalence of marsh fever and the annoyance of a venemous insect. Early in 1851 he commenced a third expedition, in which he was more successful. This appears in part from the following extract, written on the banks of the River Zouga under date of October 1.

Sebitoane received us kindly, and offered to replace our cattle, which were all believed to have been bitten by tsetse. He returned to the wagons with us, and subsequently fell sick, and, to our great sorrow, died. He formed one of the party of Mantatees, repulsed by the Griquas at old Lattakoo, and since then he has almost constantly been fighting. He several times lost all his cattle; but, being a man of great ability, managed to keep his people to

and with many more people under his sway, than any other chief we know in Africa. A doctor who attended him, interrupted with rudeness, when attempted to speak about death; and his people took him away from the island when not far from his end. Mr. Oswell and I went over to condole with his people soon after the news of his death came, and they seemed to take our remarks with them. They are by far the most thankfully. We remained two months savage race of people we have seen; but they treated us with uniform kindness, and would have been delighted, had we been able to remain with them permanently. Such was my intention when I left Kolowere high lands in that region, to avoid the beng; and having understood that there loss of time which would occur in returning for my family, I resolved that they should accompany me. The deep rivers among which they now live, are a defence to them against the Matibele. them to the high lands would have been rendering them defenceless; and the country itself was so totally different from anything I could have anticipated, I felt convinced that two years alone in it are required for the successful commencement of a mission. It is for hundreds of miles inWe left our old route at Nahokotsa, and tersected with numerous rivers, and branchproceeded nearly due north, crossing the es of rivers coming out of these and returnbed of the Zouga and certain salt pans, re- ing into them again. These are flanked markable for their extent. One, called with large reedy, boggy tracts of country. Ntwétive, was about fifteen miles broad, Where trees abound, if not on an island, and probably one hundred long. Beyond the tsetse exists; indeed, we seem to have these we passed through a hard flat coun- reached the limits of wagon traveling. try, covered with mopane trees, and con- We proceeded on horseback, about one taining a great number of springs in lime- | hundred miles farther than the place where

To have removed