state of government, or a nation where the peo ple have the government in their own hands. REPU'DIATE, v. a. Fr. repudier; Lat. re pudio. To divorce; reject; put away. viting sins, shew themselves philtered and bewitched respiratory organs are only calculated for breathing air, to come sooner or later to the surface; and they are drowned, like any warmblooded animal, if detained in the water beyond that time. To enable an animal to exist equally in air and water it should have lungs and gills; that is, it should have the power of breathing air, like the mammalia and birds, and of breathing water, like fishes; and it should be able to use either of these methods, to the exclusion of the other. But we know of no such animals. The larvæ of frogs and salamanders, the proteus anguinus, and the siren lacentina, have indeed branchia and lungs; but, as far as our knowledge hitherto goes, none of these could live wholly out of water. The lungs of the tadpole, and of the larvæ of salamanders, are designed for the service of those animals in their subsequent stage of existence; but do not give them the power of living in air: and the lungs, either of the proteus or siren, do not seem sufficient to enable them to dispense with the office of the branchial appendages. Among his amphibia Linnæus places reptiles that never go into the water, and some fishes which never quit it. He could not fail to experience great difficulties in naming so ill-conceived a class: the genera comprehended less repugnant unto the will of the law-giver, God are too ill-assorted to admit of their having a common name. Daubenton first divided them into two classes, naming one oviparous quadrupeds, and the other serpents. Lacépéde adopted these two classes, and placed between them a third, that of oviparous bipeds. Hermann, in his Tabulæ affinitatum Animalium, proposed to substitute, for the term amphibia, that of cryerozoa. Cuvier rejects the Linnæan term for that of reptiles. See ZOOLOGY. REPTON (Humphrey), a private gentleman, distinguished by his skill in the art of gardening, was a native of Bury, in Suffolk, where he was born in 1752. Having acquired the friendship of the late Mr. Windham, he in 1783 accompanied that gentleman to Ireland, and obtained a lucrative situation in the castle of Dublin: this, how. ever, he shortly after gave up. On his return to London he applied himself to the improvement of gardens and pleasure grounds professionally, and published several works on landscape gardening. He died in 1818, leaving several sons, one of whom was married to a daughter of the earl of Eldon. REPUBLIC, n. s. Fr. republique; REPUBLICAN, adj. & n. s. Lat. respublica. Commonwealth; common interest; state in which the power is lodged in more than one: republican, governed by the people; a person who holds the eligibility of this form of govern ment. Lat. repugnans. DisobediREPUGNANTLY, adv. Sent; contrary; opposite; inconsistent: the noun substantive and adverb corresponding. But, where difference is without repugnancy, that which hath been can be no prejudice to that which is. Hooker. There is no breach of a divine law, but is more or himself. Perkins. His antique sword, Id. Timon. Thus did the passions act without any of their present jars, combats, or repugnancies, all moving with the beauty of uniformity and the stillness of composure. South's Sermons. they have not due warrant from observation, but are Why I reject the other conjectures, is, because clearly repugnant thereunto. Woodward. Your way is to wrest and strain some principles maintained both by them and me, to a sense repug nant with their other known doctrines. Waterland. It is no affront to omnipotence, if, by reason of the formal incapacity and repugnancy of the thing, we aver that the world could not have been made Bentley. from all eternity. Newton's Optics. Air has some degree of tenacity, whereby the parts attract one another; at the same time, by their elasticity, the particles of air have a power of repulsion or flying off from one another. Arbuthnot. REPULSION, in physics, is that property of bodies whereby they recede from each other, and, on certain occasions, mutually avoid coming into contact. This, as well as attraction, has been considered as one of the primary qualities of all matter, and been much used in explaining the phenomena of nature; thus the particles of air, fire, steam, electric fluid, &c., have all been said to have a repulsive power with respect to one another; because, when they are compressed into a small space, they expand with great force; but as to fire, light, and electricity, our experiments fail; nay, the supposition of a repulsive power among the particles of the electric fluid is at least a moot point. See ELECTRICITY. Even in those fluids air and steam, where a repulsive power manifestly exists, it is demonstrable that the repulsion cannot be a primary quality, since it can be increased to a great degree by heat, and diminished by cold; but it is impossible that a primary quality of matter can be increased or diminished by any external circumstances whatever. The repulsion of electrified bodies is explained under the article ELECTRICITY; that of others is less subject to investigation; and the most that can be said of it is, that in many cases it seems to be the consequence of a modification of heat, as in others of electricity. REPURCHASE, v. a. To buy again. Re and purchase. Once more we sit on England's royal throne, Shakspeare. If the son alien those lands, and repurchase them again in fee, the rules of descents are to be observed, as if he were the original purchaser. Hale. REPUTE', v. a, & n. s.) Fr. reputer; Lat. REPUTABLE, adj. reputo. To hold; REPUTABLENESS, n. s. think; account; esREPUTABLY, adv. teem: hence, as a REPUTATION, n. s. noun substantive, REPUTE LESS, adj. character; established character or opinion; credit; honor: the last, or the meaning of repute, noun substantive, being also that of reputation: reputable, is of good repute; honorable: the noun substantive and adverb following corresponding: reputeless, disreputable; disgraceful." The king was reputed a prince most prudent. Shakspeare. Reputation is an idle and most false imposition; oft got without merit, and lost without deserving: you have lost no reputation at all, unless you reput yourself such a loser. Id. Opinion, that did help me to the crown, Law practice for mere gain, boldly repute Id. Donne. Monarch in heaven, till then, as one secure, glorified in as a mark of greatness, what can we If ever any vice shall become reputable, and be then expect from the man of honour, but to signa Rogers's Sermons. lize himself? To many such worthy magistrates, who have thus reputably filled the chief seats of power in this great city, I am now addressing my discourse. Atterbury's Sermons. A third interprets motions, looks, and eyes; At every word à reputation dies. Pope. In the article of danger, it is as reputable to elude Broome. an enemy as defeat one. REQUENA, a trading town of Cuença, in Spain, on the border of Valencia. Its inhabitants, about 6000, are largely engaged in the manufacture of silks. REQUEST', n. s. & v. a. Fr. requeste; Lat. requisitus. Petition; entreaty; solicitation; demand; state of being desired; hence repute; credit: to request is to ask; entreat; solicit. Haman stood up to make request for his life to Esther. Esther. It was to be requested of Almighty God, by prayer, that those kings would seriously fulfil all that hope of peace. Knolles. But ask what you would have reformed, I will both hear and grant you your requests. Shakspeare tate upon this subject; though Mr. Gwyn asserts that it began from a commission first granted by Henry VIII. This court having assumed great power to itself, so that it became burthensome, Mich. Anno 40 and 41 Eliz. in the court of common pleas it was adjudged upon solemn argument, that the court of requests was no court of judicature, &c., and by statute 16 & 17 Car. I. c. 10, it was taken away. There are still however courts of requests, or more properly courts of conscience, constituted in London and other trading and populous districts for the recovery of small debts. The first of these was established in London at so early a period as the reign of Henry VIII. by an act of their common council; which, however, was certainly insufficient for that purpose, and illegal, till confirmed by stat. 3 Jac. I.c. 15, which has since been explained and amended by stat. 14 Geo, II. c. 10. The constitution is this: two aldermen and four commoners sit twice a week to hear all causes of debt not ex ceeding the value of 40s., which they examine in a summary way, by the oath of the parties or other witnesses, and make such order therein as is consonant to equity and good conscience. The time and expense of obtaining this summary redress are very inconsiderable, which makes it a great benefit to trade; and thereupon divers trading towns and other districts have obtained acts of parliament for establishing in them courts of conscience upon nearly the same plan as that of London. By 25 Geo. III. c. 45, which is confined to prosecutions in courts of conscience in London, Middlesex, and the borough of Southwark, and by 26 Geo. III. c. 38, which extends the provisions of the former act to all other courts instituted for the recovery of small debts, it is enacted that, after the 1st day of September 1786, no person whosoever being a debtor or defendant, and who has been or shall be committed to any gaol or prison by order of any court or commissioners authorised by any act or acts of parliament for constituting or regulating any court or courts for the recovery of small debts, where the debt does not exceed 20s., shall be kept or continued in custody, on any pretence whatsoever, more than twenty days from the commencement of the last mentioned act; or from the time of his, her, or their commitment to prison; and, where the original debt does not amount to or exceed the sum of 40s., more than forty days from the commencement of the said act, or from the time of his, her, or their commitment as aforesaid; and all jailers are thereby required to discharge such persons accordingly. And by sect. 2, if it shall be proved to the satisfaction of the court that any such debtor has money or goods, which he has wilfully and fraudulently concealed, the court shall have power to enlarge the aforesaid time of imprisonment for debts under 20s. to any time not exceeding thirty days, and for debts under 40s. to any time not exceeding sixty days; which said ground of farther detention shall be specified in the said commitment. And that (by sect. 3) at the expiration of the said respective times of imprisonment, every such person shall immediately be discharged, without paying any sum of money, or other reward or gratuity what soever, to the jailer of such jail on any pretence whatsoever; and every jailer demanding or receiving any fee for the discharge of any such person, or keeping any such person prisoner after the said respective times limited by the said act, shall forfeit £5, to be recovered in a summary way before two justices of the peace; one moiety hereof to be paid to the overseers of the poor of the parish where the offence shall be committed, and the other to the informer. REQUICK'EN, v. a. Re and quicken. To reanimate. By and by the din of war 'gan pierce His ready sense, when straight his doubled spirit Requickened what in flesh was fatigate, And to the battle came he. Shakspeare. Coriolanus. REQUIEM, n. s. Lat. requiem. A hymn in which they implore rest for the dead. The midwife kneeled at my mother's throes, With pain produced and nursed for future woes; Else had I an eternal requiem kept, And in the arms of peace for ever slept. Sandys. We should profane the service of the dead, To sing a requiem and such peace to her, As to peace-parted souls. REQUIRE', v. a. REQUIR'ABLE, adj. REQUISITE, adj. & n. s. REQUISITELY, adv. REQUISITENESS, n. s. Shakspeare. Fr. requirer; Lat requiro, requisitus. To demand; ask as of right; enjoin; make or show ne cessary; need: the adjective corresponding: requisite is, necessary; needful; naturally required: the adverb and noun substantive corresponding. The king's business required haste. 1 Samuel. A thing without the compass of my wit; Spenser. Cold calleth the spirits to succour, and therefore they cannot so well close and go together in the head, which is ever requisite to sleep. Bacon. This the very law of nature teacheth us to do, and this the law of God requireth also at our hands. Spelman. This implied Subjection, but required with gentle sway. Milton. High from the ground, the branches would require Thy utmost reach. Id. It contains the certain periods of times, and all circumstances requirable in a history to inform. Hale. Discerning how exquisitely the several parts of scripture are fitted to the several times, persons, and occurrences intended, we shall discover not only the sense of the obscurer passages, but the requisiteness of their having been written so obscurely. Boyle. Oft our alliance other lands desired, And what we seek of you, of us required. Dryden. But why, alas! do mortal men complain? God gives us what he knows our wants require, And better things than those which we desire. Id. Res non parta labore, sed relicta, was thought by a poet to be one of the requisites to a happy life. Id. God, when he gave the world in common to mankind, commanded man also to labour; and the penury of his condition required it. Locke. When God new-modelled the world by the introduction of a new religion, and that in the room of one set up by himself, it was requisite that he should recommend it to the reasons of men with the same authority and evidence that enforced the former. South. God on his part has declared the requisites on ours; what we must do to obtain blessings is the great business of us all to know. Wake. REQUITE, v. a. Į Fr. requiter. To repay; REQUITAL, n. s. retaliate; recompense: requital is, return of any good or bad office; retaliation; reward. When Joseph's brethren saw that their father was dead, they said, Joseph will requite us all the evil we did. Genesis. An avenger against his enemies, and one that shall requite kindness to his friends. Eccles. Should we take the quarrel of sermons in hand, and revenge their cause by requital, thrusting prayer in a manner out of doors under colour of long preach ing? Since you Wear out your gentle limbs in my affairs, Hooker. Shakspeare. If he love me to madness, I shall never requite him. Id. Denham. And in requital op'd his leathern scrip, He can requite thee for he knows the charms Id. Waller. In all the light that the heavens bestow upon this lower world, though the lower world cannot equal their benefaction, yet with a kind of grateful return it reflects those rays, that it cannot recompense; so that there is some return however, though there can be no requital. South's Sermons. Great idol of mankind we neither claim Those acts of goodness which themselves requite: Pope. Thomson. Great patriot hero! ill requited chief! hand. It is the imposing a sacramental obligation upon him, which being the condition, upon the performance whereof all the promises of endless bliss are made over, it is not possible to rescind or disclaim the standing obliged by it. Hammond. I spake against the test, but was not heard; These to rescind, and peerage to restore. Dryden. RESCOUS, or RESCUE (rescussus), in law, an illegal taking away, and setting at liberty, a distress taken, or a person arrested, by process, or course of law. This is properly a rescous in fact. If one distrains beasts for damage feasant in his ground, and, as he drives them along the owner's house, and he withholds them there, and highway towards the pound, they enter into the is a rescous in law. For a rescous, or the taking will not deliver them upon demand; this detainer of goods by force,when, in a distress, they are in the custody of the law, is considered as an atrocious injury. The distrainer may bring an action on the case for this injury, and shall therein, if the distress were taken for rent, recover treble damages. In case of the forcible delivery of a person arrested from the officer who is taking him to prison, the plaintiff has a similar remedy by action on the case, or of rescous; or, if the sheriff makes a return to such rescous to the court out of which the process issued, the rescuer will be punished by attachment. RESCRIBE', v. a. Į Fr. rescrire; Lat. reRE'SCRIPT, n. s. scribo. To write back, or return in writing; transcribe: a rescript is an edict of some sovereign authority. One finding a great mass of money digged under ground, and, being somewhat doubtful, signified it to the emperor, who made a rescript thus: Use it. Bacon's Apophthegms. him the difference betwixt the ink-box and the sandCalling for more paper to rescribe them, he shewed Whenever a prince on his being consulted rescribes or writes back Toleramus, he dispenses with that act otherwise unlawful. Ayliffe's Parergon. The popes, in such cases where canons were silent, did, after the manner of the Roman emperors, write back their determinations, which were stiled rescripts or decretal epistles, having the force of laws. Id. RESCRIPT, in the civil law, is a judgment delivered by an emperor or pope on some difficult question or point of law, to serve as a decision thereof for the future. The papal rescripts never obtained either in England or France, when contrary to the liberties of the English and Gallican churches; but were declared abusive. Among the ancient Romans the contending parties, and even the magistrates themselves, frequently consulted the emperor on the measures they were to take in certain difficult cases; and the answers returned by the emperor on such consultations were called rescripts. These had not, indeed, the full force of laws; but they were deemed a strong prejudice or presumption: and in succeeding ages they had the force of perpetual laws. Justinian has inserted a great number of rescripts in the code; and by that means given them the authority they would otherwise want. The author of the life of the emperor Macrinus observes, of that prince, that he would have his officers judge by laws, not by rescripts; esteem ing it absurd to admit the wills of ignorant men, such as Commodus and Caracalla, for rules of judging; and Trajan never gave any rescripts at all, being loth to countenance a custom, where what was frequently granted as a favor, in particular cases, might be afterwards pleaded as a precedent. RESCUE, v. a. & n. s. Old Fr. rescorre; Lat. re excussus? To set free from violence, restraint, or danger: deliverance from a state of this kind. Sir Scudamore, after long sorrow, in the end met with Britomartis, who succoured him and reskewed his love. Spenser. My uncles both are slain in rescuing me. Shakspeare. We're beset with thieves; Rescue thy mistress, if thou be a man. How comes it, you Id. Id. Have help to make this rescue? He that is so sure of his particular election as to resolve he can never fall, if he commit those acts against which scripture is plain that they that do them shall not inherit eternal life, must necessarily resolve that nothing but the removing his fundamental error can rescue him from the superstructive. Hammond's Fundamentals. Dr. Bancroft understood the church excellently, and had almost rescued it out of the hands of the Calvinian party. Clarendon. Who was that just man, whom had not heaven Rescued, had in his righteousness been lost? Milton. Riches cannot rescue from the grave, Which claims alike the monarch and the slave. Dryden. We have never yet heard of a tumult raised to rescue a minister whom his master desired to bring to a fair account. Davenant. Howers; the plant is cultivated and much used for dyeing silk and wool of a yellow color. It will grow with very little trouble, without dung, and on the very worst soils. It is therefore commonly sown with, or immediately after, barley or oats, without any additional care, except drawing a bush over it to harrow it in. The reaping of corn does it little or no hurt, as it grows but little the first year; and the next summer it is pulled and dried like flax. Much care and nicety, however, are requisite so as not to injure either the seed or stalk; or, which sometimes happens, damaging both, by letting it stand too long, or pulling it too green. To avoid these inconveniences a better method of culture has been devised. This new method is to plough and harrow the ground very fine, without dung, as equally as possible, and then sowing a gallon of seed upon an acre some time in August. In about two months it will be high enough to hoe, which must be carefully done, and the plants left about six inches asunder. In March it is to be hoed again, and this labor is to be repeated a third time in May. About the close of June, when the flower is in full vigor, and the stalk is become of a greenish-yellow, it should be pulled; a sufficient quantity of stems being left growing for seed till September. By these means the flower and stalk, both of them being carefully dried, will sell at a good price to the dyers, who employ it constantly, and in large quantities; add to this, that the seed being ripe, and in perfect order, will yield a very considerable profit. In a tolerable year, when the seasons have not been unfavorable, the advantages derived from this vegetable will answer very RESEARCH', n. s. & v. n. Fr. recherche. En- well; but if the summer should be remarkably quiry; search to examine; enquire. It is not easy to research with due distinction, in the actions of eminent personages, both how much, they may have been blemished by the envy of others, and what was corrupted by their own felicity. Wotton's Buckingham. By a skilful application of those notices, may be gained in such researches the accelerating and bettering of fruits, emptying mines, and draining fens. Glanville's Scepsis. I submit those mistakes, into which I may have fallen, to the better consideration of others, who shall have made research into this business with more felicity. Holder. A felicity adapted to every rank, such as the researches of human wisdom sought for, but could not discover. Rogers. RESEAT, v. a. Re and seat. To seat again. When he's produced, will you reseat him Upon his father's throne? Dryden. RESEDA, dyer's-weed, yellow-weed, weld, or wild woad; a genus of the order of trigynia, and dodecandria class of plants; natural order fifty-fourth, miscellaneæ: CAL. monophyllous and partite petals lanciniated : CAPS. unilocular, and opening at the mouth. There are fourteen species, of which the most remarkable is the R. luteola, or common dyer's weld, growing naturally in waste places in many parts of Britain. The young leaves are often undulated; the stalk is a yard high, or more, terminated with a long naked spike of yellowish-green fine, and proper care is taken in getting it in, there will be a very large produce upon an acre. The crop being, as has been shown, so early removed, the ground may be conveniently prepared for growing wheat the next year. Upon the whole it is in its nature a very valuable commodity in many respects, as it serves equally for woollen, linen, or silk; dyeing not only a rich deep yellow, but also, properly managed, all the different shades of yellow with brightness and beauty; and, if these be previously dipped blue, they are by the weld changed into a very pleasing green, which our artists can also diversify into a great variety of shades. RESEIZER, n. s. One that seizes again. RESEIZURE, n. s. Re and seizure. Repeated seizure; seizure a second time. Here we have the charter of foundation; it is now the more easy to judge of the forfeiture of reseizure; deface the image, and you divest the right. Bacon. RESEND', v. a. Re and send. To send back; to send again. Not in use. I sent to her, by this same coxcomb, Shakspeare. RESEMBLE, v. a.) Fr. resembler. To comRESEMBLANCE, n. s. pare; exhibit or represent as like something else; be like: resemblance is, likeness; similitude. These sensible things, which religion hath allowed, are resemblances formed according to things spiritual, |