with such incumbrances, and the passage from Suez appears as much too short. Having once entered this valley, it might well be said that the wilderness had shut them in,' inasmuch as the mountains of Mokattem would deny them a passage to the southward; those in the neighbourhood of Suez would be a barrier to the northward, towards the land of the Philistines; the Red Sea was before them to the east, while Pharaoh with his army closed up the defile behind them. The valley ends in a small bay formed by the eastern extremities of the mountains. Dennis Bay, in about 14° 35', is according to the French a safe road with a watering place. Hodeida is a considerable town and the sea port of Betelfakie, whence a great quantity of coffee is shipped. Cape Israel is a long projecting point, with a bay on the north sheltered by the island of Camaran. Loheia is at the north extremity of this bay, and is a large town without walls, but with several towers guarded by soldiers; some of the houses are of stone, but the greater number are of mud thatched. The shore is here so shoal that ships cannot anchor nearer than two leagues to the town, and even boats cannot approach it at low water; it has, however, a share of the coffee trade. Ghesan and Attui are towns further north. Camfida (Hejaz) is a considerable town, ten leagues north of which is Bender Dodja, where there is said to be good water. From hence to Cape Ibrahim the land is high with some small towns little known to Europeans. Judda, the sea-port of Mecca, which is forty miles inland, is a large town with an extensive trade, as well with Europeans from India as with other parts of the Red Sea, particularly Cossire, Suez, and Tor. The harbour is formed by a great number of reefs, and the anchorage is three miles from the town. The town is tolerably built, and is governed by a vizier from Mecca. The places in succession from Judda, of which we have any knowledge, are Yambo (Jambia), by the Arabs called Jembo el Bahr; it is the port of Medina, a day's journey inland, and is a considerable town, but partly in ruins, with a harbour between two reefs, but very contracted. The land over it is extremely high and rugged. It is a general rendezvous of the Arab vessels bound to and from Egypt, but is never visited by European ships, the natives being treacherous and inhospitable. Bareedy harbour, also formed by shoals, is fourteen leagues farther north. Ras Aboo Mahomet (Pharan promont.) is the extremity of the peninsula that separates the gulfs of Akaba and Suez; it is a very low sandy point, but with deep water close to it, and behind the point a chain of high hills runs through the peninsula to Mount Sinai. Before the centre of the entrance of the Gulf of Akaba, and north of Cape Mahomet, is the island Tiran, elevated in the middle. On the east shore of the en trance of the gulf is Calai el Moatloah (Pheni cum oppidum), a large town, whose inhabitants have the name of great robbers, and this gulf is infested by pirates. Near its head is Calaat el Akaba (Ælana), whence the gulf has received its name. El Akaba, i. e. the end (of the sea), Vol ney thinks it may be the Atsium Gaber of the Bible, which, as well as Ailah on the same gulf, which still retains its name, was a celebrated mart in the time of Solomon. Being in the possession of the Bedouin Arabs, who have no idea of commerce, they are never visited. El Akaba is said to be a Turkish fort, and to possess good water. The gulf of Suez is entered between Ras Mahomet and the island of Shadwan, the channel being four leagues wide. Tor, the Elim of the Scripture, and the Phenicon of the Romans, is now a wretched village, inhabited by about 100 Greeks, and a few Arab fishermen. The ruins of a well built Turkish fort denote it to have formerly been of more consequence. The description of this place given in the Bible perfectly answers to its appearance at this day, except that three only of the twelve wells are now to be seen, about 200 yards from the beach, and the only verdure is two small clumps of date trees. The water of the wells is less brackish han that of Mocha or Judda, but is in very small quantity, and is only freshened by filtration through the sand of the beach. There are no kind of refreshments except fish, and they are far from abundant, to be procured here. The foot of the ridge of hills which runs through the peninsula is about a day's journey, or six leagues from Tor. Amongst them Mount Sinai raises its lofty head in two peaks, and to the religious mind recalls the scenes described by the sacred historian; it is a vast mass of red granite with white spots. In the little dispersed spots of soil, almonds, figs, and vines, are cultivated, and numerous rills of excellent water gush from the crevices, and wander among these little gardens; at its foot is a monastery of Greek monks. The coasts of this peninsula are lined with coral reefs, and covered with petrifications. The road or harbour of Tor is perfectly safe, being sheltered by reefs running off from the points of a semi-circular bay, having a channel a mile and a half wide. Cape Jehan is eight or nine leagues north-west of Tor. A mere enumeration of the vast number of islands and reefs, above and under water, scattered throughout the Red Sea, would be equally useless and tedious, we shall therefore confine ourselves to the notice of those which are most conspicuous and best known. On the African shore are Dhalac Island, seven leagues long, with many islands and reefs near it. St. John's Island, five or six leagues southeast of Emerald Island, has a high hill at the south-east end. Shadwan, at the entrance of the gulf of Suez, is a large and high island. Nearest to the Arabian shore is the island Babelmandeb, Perim, or Mehun, anciently Diodiri, three miles and a half from Cape Babelmandeb, and forming the lesser strait. It is four miles in circuit, of little elevation, but highest in the middle; it is covered with large loose masses of black stone, except in some spots where a thin sea sand covers a coral rock, and exceeds even in sterility the neighbouring continent, a few aromatic plants, and a prickly and leafless shrub of the milky tribe, being the only vegetables: and even these are in so smail a quantity, that if the whole were collected they would not make a fire sufficient to dress a dinner. The attempts of the English to procure fresh water on the island, by digging wells, were fruitless. A few small lizards are the only stationary animals found on the island, but in the season of incubation it is resorted to by vast numbers of gulls to breed; its beaches are also frequented by green turtles in December and January. Though no vestige of habitations is seen on the island, it was evidently once resorted to, a cistern to hold water, built of stone and coated with mortar, still remaining perfect: it is possible this was a work of the Portuguese, when in 1513 they made an unsuccessful attack on Aden. A great number of granite bullets were also discovered by the English, in the water near the island. On the north-west side of the island is a very snug harbour, nearly land-locked, for about four ships. The Arroas are north-west eleven leagues from Mocha, nearly midway between the Arabian and Abyssinian coasts; the great Arroa is elevated. Gebel Zeghir, five leagues north of the Arroa, and six leagues from the Arabian coast, is high, with three small islands on its north side. The Sabugar islands extend from lat. 15° to 15° 10′; they are high, rocky, and barren: the largest, named Gebel Zebayr, has two conical hills Gebel Tar is of considerable height, as its name denotes (Gebel, mountain—Tar, high), with a volcanic peak. Doohorab, a small low island in 16° 15', covered with trees. In their persons the Arabs of this neighbourhood exceed the middle size, but are generally thin; they are excellent horsemen, expert in the use of the lance and matchlock, and generally brave. The wandering tribes, named Bedouins, are robbers by profession, and honestly avow their trade, while the Arab of cities, less candid, is equally a robber by extortion. The Arabs, however, possess the virtue of hospitality to strangers who demand their protection, and the eating together is the seal of safety from the Bedouin to his guest. The towns of the Arabs are built of stone or sun-dried bricks. The houses have two stories, with terraced roofs; the front is occupied by the men and the back by the females, who are strictly guarded from the eyes of strangers, for which purpose the tent of the Bedouin is divided by a screen. The Arabs are abstemious in their diet, the common class making only one meal a day of doura, a species of millet, with milk or oil. REDARGUE, v. a. Lat. redarguo. To refute. Not in use. The last wittily redargues the pretended finding of coin, graved with the image of Augustus Caesar, in the American mines. Hakewill on Providence. REDDITIO, was the third part of the sacrifice of the heathens, and consisted of the solemn act of putting in again the entrails of the victims, after they had been religiously inspected. See SACRIFICE. Do not as some ungracious pastors do, Shakspeare. Hamlet. REDE (William), a learned English prelate of the fourteenth century, who became bishop of Chichester in 1369. He was the first mathematician of his age. He erected the first library of Merton College, and built the castle of Amberley. REDEEM', v.a. Lat. redimo. To REDEEM'ABLE, adj. ransom; buy off REDEEM'ABLENESS, n. 8. from captivity or REDEEM'ER, slavery; REDEMPTION, pay the penalty of; free by REDEMPTORY, adj. paying any atonement or price: hence to compensate; recompense; and, in a theological sense, to buy again something that had been devoted to God; deliver from the bondage of sin; save time by self-denial: redeemable is capable of redemption; the noun substantive that follows corresponding: redeemer, he who ransoms or redeems; the Saviour of the world : redemption, the act of redeeming; price paid; actual delivery of the redeemed: redemptory, adjective, paid for ransom. The firstling of an ass thou shalt redeem with a lamb. Exodus. lest I mar mine inheritance. The kinsman said, I cannot redeem it for myself, Ruth iv. 6. Redeem Israel, O God, out of all his troubles. Christ redeemed us from the curse. Psalm xxv. Gal. iii. 13. She inflamed him so How if, when I am laid into the tomb, This feather stirs, she lives; if it be so, REDDITION, n. s. From Lat. reddo. Res- That ever I have felt. titution. She is reduced to a perfect obedience, partly by voluntary reddition and desire of protection, and partly by conquest. Howel. I every day expect an embassage Id. The Saviour son be glorified, Who for lost man's redemption died. The salvation of our souls may be advanced, by firmly believing the mysteries of our redemption, and by imitating the example of those primitive patterns of piety. Nelson. REDELIVER, v. a. Re and deliver. To de liver back. I have remembrances of yours, That I have longed long to redeliver. Shakspeare. Instruments judicially exhibited are not of the acts of courts; and therefore may be redelivered on the demand of the person that exhibited them. Ayliffe's Parergon. REDEMAND', v. a. Fr. redemander. Re and demand. To demand back. Threescore attacked the place where they were kept in custody, and rescued them: the duke redemands his prisoners, but receiving excuses resolves to do himself justice. Addison. REDEMPTION, in theology, denotes the recovery of mankind from sin and death, by the obedience and sacrifice of Christ, who on this account is called the Redeemer of the world. See THEOLOGY. REDEMPTION, in law, a right of re-entering upon lands, &c., that have been sold and assigned, upon reimbursing the purchase-money, with legal costs. REDENS, REDANS, or REDANT, in fortification, a kind of indented work in form of the teeth of a saw, with salient and re-entering angles; to the end that one part may flank or defend another. See FORTIFICATION. REDFORD, EAST. See RETFORD, EAST. REDI (Francis), an Italian physician and naturalist, born at Arezzo in Tuscany in 1626. His learning recommended him to the office of first physician to Ferdinand II. duke of Tuscany; and he contributed towards compiling the Dictionary of La Crusca. He wrote upon vipers and upon the generation of insects. All his works are in Italian; and his language is so pure that the authors of the Dictionary of La Crusca have often cited them as standards of perfection. He died in 1697. REDI (Thomas), an eminent Italian painter, born in Florence in 1685. His historical pictures adorn the churches in Etruria.. He had also an excellent style of painting portraits. He died in 1726. REDICULUS, a deity of the Romans, whose name is derived from redire, to return. The Romans erected a temple to this imaginary deity on the spot where Hannibal retired, when after approaching Rome to besiege it, he set out on his return. REDINTEGRATE, adj. Lat. redintegratus. Restored; renewed; made new. Charles VIII. received the kingdom of France in flourishing estate, being redintegrate in those principal members which anciently had been portions of the crown, and were after dissevered; so as they remained only in homage, and not in sovereignty. Bacon. He but prescribes a a bare chymical purification of nitre, what I teach as a philosophical redintegration of it. Boyle. REDNITZ, a river of Franconia, formed of the Upper and Lower Retzat, which unite five miles south of Roth. Joined by the Pegnitz, near Furth, it falls into the Maine below Bamberg, being navigable in the lower part of its course. It has long been in view to effect a communication between this river and the Altmuhl, and by this means to unite the Danube with the Rhine. Charlemagne, during his war with the Avari, actually ordered this plan to be begun upon; but his attention was soon after drawn from it by an invasion of the Saxons; but the remains of his works are still to be seen at a village in Pappenheim. RED'OLENT, adj. Lat. redolens. Sweet of scent. Thy love excels the joys of wine; Thy odours, O how redolent! Sandys's Paraphrase. We have all the redolence of the perfumes we burn upon his altars. Boyle. Their flowers attract spiders with their redolency. Mortimer. REDONES, a nation of ancient Gaul, mentioned by Cæsar (De Bell. Gall.), among the Armorici; who inhabited that part of the country, now called Rennes and St. Malo, in the cidevant province of Brittany. REDOUBLE, v. a. & v. n. Fr. redoubler. Re and double. To repeat in return, or often; to become twice as much. Driven back, redounded, as a flood on those Milton's Paradise Lost. From whom it sprung. Nor hope to be myself less miserable, By those I seek, but others to make such As I, though thereby worse to me redound. Milton. As both these monsters will devour great quantities of paper, there will no small use redound from them to that manufacture. Guardian. religion ultimately reRogers's Sermons. REDRESS', v. a. & n. s. Į Fr. redresser. To REDRES'SIVE, adj. set right; amend; relieve relief; amendment: the adjective corresponding. The honour done to our. "dounds to God the author of it. She felt with me, what I felt of my captivity, and straight laboured to redress my pain, which was her pain. Sidney. To seek reformation of evil laws is commendable, but for us the more necessary is a speedy redress of ourselves. Hooker. No humble suitors press to speak for right; No, not a man comes for redress to thee. Shakspeare. Milton. Grief, finding no redress, ferment and rage, Nor less than wounds immedicable, Rankle, and fester, and gangrene To black mortification. Id. Lighter affronts and injuries Christ commands us not to redress by law, but to bear with patience. Kettlewell. A few may complain without reason; but there is occasion for redress when the cry is universal. Davenant. In countries of freedom, princes are bound to protect their subjects in liberty, property, and religion, to receive their petitions, and redress their grievances. Swift. The generous band, Who, touched with human woe, redressive searched Into the horrors of the gloomy jail. Thomson. REDRUTH, a market town and parish of Cornwall, four miles west of Truro, and 263 W.S. W. of London; being situate in the midst of many productive mines. Besides the church of St. Uny, without the town, it has several meeting-houses, and two good charity schools. Markets are held on Tuesday and Friday. RED'SEAR, v. n. Red and sear. A term of workmen. There are several sorts of redstreak: some sorts of them have red veins running through the whole fruit, which is esteemed to give the cyder the richest tincMortimer. ture. Redstreak he quaffs beneath the Chianti vine, Gives Tuscan yearly for thy Scudmore's wine. REDUCE', v. a. REDUCIBLE, adj. Smith. Fr. reduire; Lat. reduco. To bring back; bring to a former state; hence restore to order or dominion; subdue; bring into a jlower state; de grade; impair: reducement is the act of reducing; as is reduction: the latter being also the name of a well-known arithmetical rule: a reducer is he who reduces reducible, possible to be reduced : the noun substantive corresponding: reductive, having the power of reducing; something posHale): the adverb corresponding. sessed of this power (see the second extract from They could not learn to digest that the man, which they had so long used to mask their own appetites, should now be the reducer of them into order. Sidney. Abate the edge of traitors, gracious lord! That would reduce these bloody days again. Shakspeare. The navy received blessing from Pope Sixtus, and was assigned as an apostolical mission for the reducement of this kingdom to the obedience of Rome. Thus far concerning these reductives by inundations and conflagrations. Id. Origin of Mankind. Every thing visibly tended to the reduction of his sacred majesty, and all persons in their several stations began to make way and prepare for it. Fell. A diaphanous body, reduced to very minute parts, thereby acquires many little surfaces in a narrow compass. Boyle. Spirits of wine, by its pungent taste, and especially by its reducibleness, according to Helmont, into alkali and water, seems to be as well of a saline as a sulphureous nature. Id. There is nothing so bad but a man may lay hold of something about it that will afford matter of excuse; nor nothing so excellent but a man may fasten upon something belonging to it whereby to reduce it. Tillotson. Other niceties, though they are not matter of conscience, singly and apart, are yet so reductively; that An is, though they are not so in the abstract, they become so by affinity and connection. L'Estrange.. REDUCTION OF EQUATIONS, in algebra, is the clearing them from all superfluous quantities, bringing them to their lowest terms, and separating the known from the unknown, till at length only the unknown quantity is found on one side, and known ones on the other. The reduction of an equation is the last part of the resolution of the problem. See ALGEBRA. Dryden. Honey in the sickly hive infuse Through reeden pipes. Id. Virgil's Georgicks. When the Parthian turned his steed, And from the hostile camp withdrew; With cruel skill the backward reed He sent; and as he fled, he flew. The' adjoining brook, now fretting o'er a rock, REDUNDANT, adj. Lat. redundans. Su- Now scarcely moving through a reedy pool. perabundant; exuberant; superfluous. This is evident when the mark of exclusion is put; RED-WING. See TURDUS. must then ree it over in a sieve. Prior. Thomson. REED, in botany. See ARUNDO and BAMBOO. There are two sorts of reeds, says Hasselquist, growing near the Nile. One of them has scarcely any branches; but is furnished with numerous leaves, which are narrow, smooth, channelled on the upper surface; and the plant is about eleven feet high. The Egyptians make ropes of the leaves. They lay them in water like hemp, and then make them into good strong cables. These, with the bark of the date trees, form almost the only cable used in the Nile. The other sort is a small reed, about two or three feet high, fullbranched, with short, sharp, lancet-shaped leaves. The roots, which are thick at the stem, creep and mat themselves together to a considerable distance. REED, a term in the west of England for the straw used by thatchers, which is wheat straw finely combed, consisting of stiff, unbruised, and unbroken stalks of great length, carefully separated from the straw used for fodder by the thresher, and bound in sheaves or nitches, each sold from 21s, to 31s. per hundred nitches accordof which weighs twenty-eight pounds, and are ing to the season. REED (Isaac), a late ingenious English critic, was a native of London, and born in 1742. He was educated for the law, and in the earlier part of his life practised as a conveyancer, but eventually gave himself up entirely to the cultiva tion of general literature, and was the author of a History of the English Stage, prefixed to his edition of the Biographia Dramatica; the Repository, a collection of humorous and miscellaneous pieces, 4 vols. 1783; besides superintending the publication of lady Mary Wortley Montagu's poetical effusions, and an improved edition of Dodsley's Old Plays. He is, however, most advantageously known as superintending splendid editions of Shakspeare, in 10 and subsequently in 21 vols. 8vo., of which the latter is considered the most perfect extant. As a book collector, also, he displayed considerable judgment, and had amassed a library of classical and miscellaneous literature, inferior to few private ones. occupied thirty-nine days in its disposal by pubIn addition to these lic auction on his death. literary labors, the miscellany known by the name of the European Magazine, of which he was It |