Canmore, who frequented this passage much, and patronised the town. It consists of one street, chiefly inhabited by seafaring people. Its chief manufacture is soap. This borough unites with Stirling, Dunfermline, Culross, and Inverkeithing, in electing a representative in the imperial British parliament. It is governed by a provost, three bailies, dean of guild, and town council. It has two piers on the east and west, and the coast abounds with cod, haddocks, whitings, skate, flounders, herrings, lobsters, oysters, crabs, &c. QUEENSTOWN, a neat place of Upper Canada, on the Niagara, under the ridge called Queenstown Heights. It is the depot for the merchandise brought from Montreal and Quebec, for the Upper province, and is remarkable for the romantic beauty and grandeur of its situation. It has a good capacious harbour, a church, court-house, stores for government and for the Indian department, wharfs, and barracks. Much commercial activity is displayed during the season of navigation. Queenstown suffered much during the late war. QUEER, adj. Of this word the original is not known,' says Dr. Johnson: a correspondent supposes a queer man to be one who has a quære to his name in a list.' But there is a Teut. kuerh, of this signification. Odd; strange particular; churlish. He never went to bed till two in the morning because he would not be a queer fellow; and was every now and then knocked down by a constable, to signalise his vivacity. Spectator. QUEILING, or KOUEILING, a city of China, of the first rank, capital of QUANGSEE, (which see,) environed by mountains. Its name is derived from a species of oderiferous flower, abundant in the neighbourhood, A rapid river, but not navigable, flows under the walls. This city is fortified, but does not equal other Chinese capitals in wealth and population. Long. 109° 51' E., lat. 25° 12′ N. QUEIS, or QUEISS, a river of the Prussian states, which rises in Silesia, divides it from Lusatia, and falls into the Bober, above the town of Sagan. Its banks were, in Septembe: 1813, the scene of a battle between the French and Prussians. QUELL, v. a. & n. s. Į Sax. cpellan; Dan. QUELLER. 1 Squale. To kill; crush; subdue: hence, as a noun-substantive, murder; violent death: a queller is a conqueror. What cannot we put upon His spungy followers, who shall bear the guilt What avails Valour or strength, though matchless, quelled with pain, Which all subdues, and makes remiss the hands Dryden. He is the guardian of the publick quiet, appointed to restrain violence, to quell seditions and tumults, and to preserve that peace which preserves the world. Atterbury. QUELPAERT, an island in the eastern seas, south of the peninsula of Corea. It was made known to Europeans in 1635 by the wreck of a Dutch vessel here, called the Sparrow-hawk. The crew were carried to the capital of Corea, whence they with difficulty made their escape. The island was also coasted by La Perouse, in 1787. It is chiefly composed of a mountain, about 6000 feet high, whence the land slopes down to the sea. The jealous character of the nation prevents any considerable intercourse between it and Europeans. Long. 126° 35′ E., lat. 33° 14' N. QUELQUE CHOSE. n. s. Fr. quelquechose. A trifle; a kickshaw. A word not adopted. From country grass to comfitures of court, Or city's quelquechoses, let not report My mind transport. QUENCH, v. a. & v. n. QUENCH'ABLE, adj. QUENCH'ER, n. s. QUENCH LESS, adj. Donne. Saxon cpencan; Goth. kuaugicen. To extinguish; cool; allay: hence to destroy: as a neuter verb, to grow cool; the adjectives and noun substantive corresponding. The fire had power in the water, forgetting his own virtue; and the water forgat his own quenching Wisdom xix. 20. nature. Id. But if all aim but this be levelled false, The supposition of the lady's death Will quench the wonder of her infamy. Dost thou think, in time She will not quench, and let instructions ente Where folly now possesses? Id. Cymbeline. Come, bloody Clifford, rough Northumberland, I dare your quenchless fury to more rage. Shakspeare. Milk quencheth wild-fire better than water, because it entereth better. Bacon's Natural History. When death's form appears, she feareth not An utter quenching or extinguishment; She would be glad to meet with such a lot That so she might all future ill prevent. Davies. The judge of torments, and the king of tears, He fills a burnished throne of quenchless fire. Crashaw. Covered with skin and hair keeps it warm, being naturally very cold, and also to quench and dissipate the force of any stroke, and retund the edge of any Rav. weapon. Beseech God, that he will inflame thy heart with this heavenly fire of devotion; and, when thou hast obtained it, beware that thou neither quench it by any wilful sin, or let it go out again for want of stirring it up and employing it. Duty of Man. When your work is forged, do not quench it in water to cool it, but throw it down upon the floor or hearth to cool of itself; for the quenching of it in water will harden it. Moron's Mechanical Exercises. Every draught, to him that has quenched his thirst, QUENTIN, (St.), a fine town in the northeast of France, and department of the Aisne, is situated on the Somme, and near the canals of Crozat and St. Quentin. It stands on an eminence, in a strong position, but its fortifications have been long neglected. It contains a public square, in which is situated the hotel de ville, and the ancient cathedral, both in the Gothic style. It has long been noted for its linen, thread, cambric, lawn, gauze, and latterly for its cottons. In these a surprising number of hands are employed, and a great export trade carried on with Holland, Germany, and other foreign countries. The French were defeated here in a general engagement by the Spaniards, in 1557. Population 11,000. Twenty-two miles south of Cambray, forty south by east of Arras. QUERCUS, the oak tree, a genus of the polyandria order and monœcia class of plants; natural order fiftieth, amentaceae: CAL. nearly quinquefid: COR. none; the stamina are from five to ten in number: FEMALE CAL. monophyllous, very entire, and scabrous: COR. none; the styles are from two to five, and there is an ovate seed. Dr. Rees describes eighty-four species of quercus; the following are some of the most mportant. Q. ægilops, the large prickly-cupped Spanish oak, grows seventy or eighty feet high, or more, with a very large trunk, and widely spreading head, having a whitish bark, large oblong-oval deeply serrated smooth leaves, the serratures bowed backwards, and large acorns placed in singularly large prickly cups. This is a noble species, nearly equal in growth to our common English oak. Q. cerris, the smaller prickly-cupped Spanish oak, grows thirty or forty feet high, and has oblong, lyre-shaped, pinnatifid, transversely jagged leaves, downy underneath, and small acorns placed in prickly cups. Q. coccifera, the scarlet or kermes oak, grows but fourteen or fifteen feet high, branching all the way, and of bushy growth; with large oval, undivided, indented, spinous leaves; and producing small glandular excrescences, called kermes or scarlet grain, used by the dyers. See Coccus and KERMES. Q. esculus, of Pliny, or the cut-leaved Italian oak, grows about thirty feet high, having a purplish bark, oblong deeply sinuated smooth leaves, and long slender close-sitting acorns in very large cups. Q. gramuntia, the Montpelier holly-leaved evergreen oak, grows forty or fifty feet high; and has oblong-oval, close-sitting, sinuated spinous leaves, downy underneath, bearing a resemblance to the leaves of the holly. Q. ilex, the common evergreen oak, grows forty or fifty feet high, having a smooth bark, oval and oblong, undivided, serrated, petiolated leaves, downy and whitish underneath. The varieties are broad-leaved, narrow-leaved, and sometimes both sorts and other different shaped leaves on the same tree; also sometimes with sawed and prickly leaves. Q. Moluccensis, Moluccan oak, commonly called American live oak, grows about forty feet high, having oval, spear-shaped, smooth, entire leaves, and small oblong eatable acorns. Q. phellos, the willow-leaved American oak, grows forty or fifty feet high, having long narrow, smooth, entire leaves, like those of the willow. There is a variety called the dwarf willow-leaved oak. Q. prinus, the chestnut-leaved American oak, grows fifty or sixty feet high; having large oblong-oval smooth leaves, pointed both ways, the edges sinuated serrated, with the sinuses uniformly round. Q. robur, the common English oak, grows from about sixty or seventy to 100 feet high, with a prodigiously large trunk, and monstrous spreading head; oblong leaves, broadest towards the top, the edges acutely sinuated, having the angles obtuse. There is a variety, having the leaves finely striped with white. This species grows in great abundance all over England, in woods, forests, and hedge-rows. The following are the dimensions of some of the finest oaks at Welbeck, as stated in a pamphlet by Hayman Rooke, esq., F. S. A.:-The Green Dale Oak is said to be 700 years old. Girth of the trunk above the arch thirty-five feet; height of the arch ten feet three inches; width six feet three inches; and height of the tree, to the top of the live stump, fifty-four feet. The Porters are two very large trees, and are so called from the circumstance of there formerly having been a gate placed between them. The first measures in circumference at the ground thirty-eight feet; at a yard high twenty-seven feet; at two yards twenty three feet; total height ninety-eight feet six inches; and solidity 848 feet! The other in girth at the surface thirtyfour feet; at one yard high twenty-three feet; at two yards twenty feet; height eighty-eight feet; and solidity 744 feet. The Duke's Walking Stick, in girth at the ground twenty-one. feet; at one yard high fourteen feet; stem seventy feet six inches; total height 111 feet; and solidity 440 feet. The Oak and Ash. Girth of both at the ground thirty-six feet; of the oak at one yard high eighteen feet; at two yards fifteen feet four inches, and height ninety-two feet. The ash is comparatively very small; it leaves the oak at a small distance above the ground, and unites again at eight or nine feet high; then branches out, and towers with it for some thirty or forty feet. Dr. Walker mentions an oak, at Loch Arkeg in Lochaber, which measured twenty-four feet six inches, at the height of four feet from the ground. The English oak is as remarkable for its slowness of growth and longevity as for its bulk; the trunk has been often observed to have reached the size of not more than twenty inches, and sometimes not more than fourteen, in the space of fourscore years. In regard to bulk we have an account of an oak belonging to lord Powis, growing in Broomfield wood, near Ludlow in Shropshire, in 1764, the trunk of which measured sixty-eight feet in girth, twenty-three in length, and which, reckoning ninety feet for the larger branches, contained in the whole 1455 feet of timber, round measure, or twenty-nine load and five feet, at fifty feet to a load. The Cowthorp oak, near Wetherby in Yorkshire, lays a claim to being the father of the forest. Dr. Hunter, who, in his edition of Evelyn, has given an engraving of it, says that within three feet of the surface it measures sixteen yards, and close to the ground twenty-six. In 1776, though in a ruinous condition, it was eighty-five feet high, and its principal limb extended sixteen yards from the bole. The foliage was very thin. If this measurement was taken as the dimensions of the real stem, the size of this tree would be enormous; but like most very large trees, its stem is short, spreading wide at the base, the roots rising above the ground like buttresses to the trunk, which is similar, not to a cylinder, but to the frustum of a cone. Mr. Marshman says, I found it in 1768 at four feet, forty feet six inches; at five feet, thirty-six feet six inches; and at six feet, thirty-two feet one inch.' In the principal dimensions it is exceeded by the Bentley oak, of which the same writer gives the following account: In 1759 the oak in Holt forest, near Bentley, was at seven feet, thirty-four feet. There is a large excrescence at five and six feet, that would render the measure unfair. In 1778 this tree was increased half an inch in ten years. It does not appear to be hollow, but by the trifling increase I conclude it not sound.' These dimensions, however, are exceeded by those of the Boddington oak, near the turnpike road between Cheltenham and Tewkesbury, in the vale of Gloucester. The stem is remarkably collected at the root, the sides of its trunk being much more upright than those of large trees in general; and yet its circumference at the ground is about twenty paces; measuring with a two foot rule it is more than eighteen yards. At three feet high it is forty-two feet, and where smallest, i. e. from five to six feet high, it is thirty-six feet. At six feet it swells out larger, and forms an enormous head, which has been furnished with huge, and probably extensive, arms. But time and the fury of the wind have robbed it of much of its grandeur, and the greatest extent of arm in 1783 was eight yards from the stem. In the Gentleman's Magazine for May, 1794, we have an account of an oak tree growing in Penshurst Park in Kent, together with an engraving. It is called the bear or bear çak, from being supposed to resemble that which Camden thought gave name to the county of Berkshire. The dimensions of the tree are these: had traditions of some in England (how far to be depended upon we know not) that have attained to more than double that age. Q. rubra, the red Virginian oak, grows about sixty feet high, having a dark grayish bark, long obtusely sinuated leaves, with the sinuses terminated by bristly points, and have sometimes red spotted veins, but generally dyeing in autumn to a reddish color, remaining on the trees late in the season. Q. suber, the cork tree, grows thirty or forty feet high, having a thick, rough, fungous, cleft bark, and oblong-oval, undivided, serrated leaves, downy underneath. This species furnishes that useful material cork; it being the bark of the tree, which becomes of a thick fungous nature, under which, at the same time, is formed a new bark, and, the old one being detached for use, the tree still lives, and the succeeding young bark becomes also of the same thick spungy nature in six or seven years, fit for barking, having likewise another fresh bark forming under it, becoming cork like the others in the like period of time; and in this manner these trees wonderfully furnish the cork for our use, of which are made the corks for bottles, bungs for barrels, and numerous other useful articles. The tree grows in great plenty in Spain and Portugal, and from these countries we receive the cork. The Spaniards burn it, to make that kind of light black we call Spanish black, used by painters. The Spaniards line stone walls with cork, which not only renders them very warm, but corrects the moisture of the air. All the above species of quercus produce flowers annually in the spring, about April or May, of a yellowish color, but make no ornamental appearance, and are males and females separated in the same tree; the males being in loose amentums, and the females sitting close to the buds in thick leathery hemispherical calyxes, succeeded by the fruit or acorns, which are oval nuts fixed by their base into rough permanent cups, and mostly sit quite close, and some on short foot-stalks, ripening in autumn, which in the common English oak are in great abundance, and often in tolerable plenty on some of the other sorts; those of all the kinds serve for propagating their respective species; they are also excellent food for swine and deer, the common acorns in particular. All the above species will prosper in any middling soil and open situation, though in a loamy soil they are generally more prosperous; however there are but few soils in which oak will not grow; they will even thrive tolerably in gravelly, sandy, and clayey land, as may be observed in many parts of this country of the 'common oak. Besides the grand purposes to which the timber is applied in navigation and architecture, and the bark in tanning of leather, there are other uses to which the different parts of this tree have been referred. The Highlanders use the bark to dye their yarn of a brown color, or, mixed with copperas, of a black color. The acorns are a good food to fatten swine and turkeys. See OAK. Q. marina, the sea oak, in botany, the name of one of the broad-leaved dichotomous sea fucuses. It is not agreed among the late botanists, what was the sea oak of Theophrastus; Clusius and Caesalpinus suppose it to have been a species of the shrubby coralline; but Theophrastus says the sea oak had a long, thick, and fleshy leaf; whence we may conclude it to have been of the fucus class. QUE'RELE, n. s. Fr. querelle; Lat. querela. A complaint to a court. See Quarrel. A circumduction obtains not in causes of appeal, but in causes of first instance and simple querele only. Ayliffe. QUERETARO, a city in the intendancy of Mexico, the largest after Mexico in this part of the republic. From north to south it is sheltered by a mountain; and thence begins its celebrated glen, irrigated by a large river, the waters being introduced by means of hidden aqueducts, which are reduced to twelve currents running from the mother stream. Thus the water is let in upon 2000 houses, to which are attached gardens, abounding in a thousand kinds of fruits and flowers, European and American. It has three grand squares, from which the streets extend to the four cardinal points. Here is also a celebrated aqueduct for carrying the water to the city, having forty arches of thirty-five yards high. The church is magnificent, and there are several convents. In this city are fabricated fine cloths, baizes, &c., and several tanneries. Humboldt also visited a great manufactory of cigars, in which 3000 people, including 1900 women were employed. Here are consumed 130 reams, and 2770 pounds of tobacco leaf. Queretaro is situated 6374 feet above the level of the sea. Humboldt estimates the population at 35,000. Ninety-five miles north-west of Mexico. QUERFURT, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the government of Merseburg, on the river Quern. It was formerly the chief place of a principality. Population 2500. Fifteen miles west of Merseburg, and twenty-nine west of Leipsic. QUERIA, in botany, a genus of the trigynia order, and triandria class of plants; natural' order twenty-second, caryophillei: CAL. pentaphyllous : COR. none: CAPS. unilocular and trivalved, with one SEED. There are two species, viz.:-1. Q. Canadensis, and 2. Q. Hispanica. QUERIMBA, the name of islands, extending along the eastern coast of Africa, to the south of Cape Delgado. When discovered by the Portuguese, they were inhabited by Arabs, who were nearly exterminated by their European visitors. The Querimbas have since been re-peopled by Portuguese and their slaves from Mosambique. The principal island is four or five miles long, containing about thirty farm houses, and a small fort. It was lately plundered by the pirates of Madagascar. QUERIMONIOUS, adj. Lat. querimonia. QUERIMONIOUSLY, adv. Querulous; complaining the adverb corresponding. : I shall conclude, with proposing only some queries, in order to a farther search to be made by others. Newton. This shews the folly of this query, that might always be demanded, that would impiously and absurdly attempt to tie the arm of omnipotence from doing any thing at all, because it can never do its utmost. Bentley. Each prompt to query, answer, and debate. Three Cambridge sophs, Pope. The juggling sea god when by chance trepanned By some instructed querist sleeping on the strand, Impatient of all answers, strait became A stealing brook. Swift's Miscellanies. QUERN, n. s. Sax. cpeonn; Dan. querno; Swed. quarne. A hand-mill. Skim milk, and sometimes labour in the quern, And bootless make the breathless huswife churn. Shakspeare. Some apple coloured corn Ground in fair querns, and some did spindles turn. Chapman. QUER'PO, n. s. Span. cuerpo. A dress close to the body; a waistcoat. I would fain see him walk in querpo, like a cased rabbit, without his holy fur upon his back. Dryden. QUER'ULOUS, adj. Lat. querulus. MournQUER'ULOUSLY, adv. ing; whining; complaining: the adverb corresponding. hearted, querulous, wrathful, and impatient of rest Although they were a people by nature hardand quietness, yet was there nothing of force to work the subversion of their state, till the time beforementioned was expired. Hooker. The pressures of war have cowed their spirits, as may be gathered from the very accent of their words, which they prolate in a whining kind of querulous tone, as if still complaining and crest-fallen. Howel's Vocal Forest. Though you give no countenance to the complaints of the querulous, yet curb the insolence of the injuLocke. rious. His wounded ears complaints eternal fill, As unoiled hinges, querulously shrill. Young. Cowper. A querulous old woman's voice His humorous talent next employs ; He scolds and gives the lie. QUESNAY (Francis), a French physician and writer on political economy, was born in 1694, near Montfort l'Amaury, in the isle of France. His father was a farmer, and he acquired the rudiments of his profession as a surgeon in the country, when, going to the metropolis, he became secretary to a society for the improvement of surgery. At length he obtained the situation of physician to madame de Pompadour, and through her interest became physician to the king. His simplicity of manners and disinterestedness are said to have formed strong contrast with the characters of those around him; towards the latter part of life he became the leader of the political economists of France. Quesnay, however, by no means anticipated the result of his doctrines; and was much attached to the royal family, and especially to the king, who called him his thinker 'penseur.' He was author of a Philosophical Essay on the Animal Economy, 3 vols. 12mo.; and various surgical and medical works, besides articles in the Encyclopédie, and tracts on Physiocrasy, or the Government most Advantageous to the Human Race, 1768, 8vo., &c. a QUESNE (Abraham marquis Du), admiral of the naval forces of France, was born in Normandy in 1610. He contributed to the defeat of the naval power of Spain before Gattari; was dangerously wounded before Barcelona in 1642, and on other occasions: he went into the service of the Swedes, and became vice-admiral; gave the Danes an entire defeat, kilied their admiral, and took his ship. He was recalled into France in 1647, and commanded the squadron sent to Naples. The naval affairs of France being much fallen, he fitted out divers ships for the relief of the royal army that blocked up Bourdeaux; which was the principal cause of the surrender of the town. He was very fortunate in the last wars of Sicily, where he beat the Dutch thrice, and De Ruyter was killed. He also obliged the Algerines to sue for peace from France in a very humble manner. Asia, Africa, and Europe, felt the effects of his valor. He was a Protestant; nevertheless the king bestowed on him the land of Bouchet. He died in 1668. QUESNEL (Pasquier), an able French divine, of the congregation of the Oratory, distinguished on account of the church dissensions to which his writings gave rise. He was born at Paris in 1634, and early devoted himself to literary studies. He gave offence to the court of Rome by an edition of the works of Leo the Great in 1675; but that which excited the greatest animosity was his New Testament, with moral reflections, in 8 vols. 8vo.; from which 101 propositions being extracted, they were condemned by the celebrated bull, Unigenitus, as favoring the doctrines of the Jansenists. Father Quesnel retired to Brussels, and afterwards to Amsterdam, where he died in 1719. His New Testament was translated into English by Mr. Russell, and published in 1729, 4 vols. 8vo. Dr. Adam Clarke strongly recommends it, QUESNOY, a fortified town of French Flanders, having a population of 4000, besides a small garrison, and some trade in wood, silk, cottons, starch, and tobacco. It was taken by the Austrians in 1793, but retaken by the French in 1794. Twenty miles east by north of Cambray. It is also the name of another, but less remarkable town of French Flanders, on the Deule. Population 3700. Six miles northwest of Lisle. That traverses our vast Numidian deserts In quest of prey, and lives upon his bow, But better practices these boasted virtues. Addison. "Twould be not strange, should we find Paradise at this day, where Adam left it and I the rather note this, because I see there are some so earnest in quest of it. Woodward, The insolence of his mistress quickly disgusted him, and he went up to London in quest of more suitable employment. QUESTION, n. s., v. n. & v. a. Johnson. French and Span. question; ital. questione; Lat. quæstio. Enquiry; interrogatory; examination; dispute; matter of dispute or debate; controversy; judicial trial; examination by torture; act of seeking: to question is to enquire; debate by interrogatory; and, as a verb active, examine one by questions; doubt: questionable is, doubtful; disputable; suspicious: questionary, enquiring: questioner, he who enquires: questionless, doubtless: clear; without or beyond enquiry. There arose a question between some of John's disciples and the Jews about purifying. St. John. Suddenly out of this delightful dream The man awoke, and would have questioned more; But he would not endure the woful theme. |