FOREIGN HISTORY: State of France-The Code of Conscription-The Emperor's Address to the Assemblies-Territorial Changes in HollandState of Portugal-Threats of French Invasion held out to the Court of Lisbon-Removal of the British Settlers-Emigration of the Court to the Brazils-Entrance of the French Army into Lisbon-Situation of Spain-Conspiracy against the King by his Son-Secret Treaty for the Partition of the Kingdom of Portugal-Introduction of a French Force into Spain-Abdication of Charles IV.-The Royal Family of Spain allured to Bayonne to meet the Emperor Napoleon-Intrigues at that Place-Abdication of Charles and Ferdinand in favour of Bonaparte-Insurrection at Madrid-Prostration of Spain at the feet of the Invaders 35

CHAPTER VI.

CAMPAIGN IN THE PENINSULA OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL: Formation of the Juntas, and general Burst of Patriotism throughout the Provinces of Spain-Declaration of War against France, and Restoration of Peace with England-Succours afforded to the Spanish Patriots by Great Britain-Surrender of the French Fleet at Cadiz-Defeat and Capitulation of the French Army under General Dupont-Gallant Defence of Saragossa-Battle of Rio Seco-Operations in Biscay-Repulse of the French Army at Valentia-Joseph Bonaparte proclaimed King of Spain by Napoleon-Sketch of the New Spanish Constitution-Entrance of Joseph Bonaparte into Madrid-His precipitate Retreat from that Capital-Installation of the Supreme Junta-Failure of the Spanish Armies in their Efforts to drive the French beyond the Pyrenees-Liberation of the Spanish Troops in the Baltic under the Marquis de la Romana-Conference at Erfurth-Letters from the Emperors

of France and Russia to the King of EnglandFailure of the Negotiation consequent thereonSituation of the French and Spanish Armies in the Peninsula at the beginning of NovemberDefeat and partial Dispersion of the Army under General Blake in Biscay-of Count Belveder's Force in Estramadura-and of the Army under General Castanos on the EbroAdvance of Napoleon to the Capital of SpainFall of Madrid-Disposition of the Spanish Colonies. CAMPAIGN IN PORTUGAL: Situation of that Kingdom-Oporto wrested from the French-Arrival of a British Expedition under Sir Arthur Wellesley off the Coast of PortugalDebarkation of the British Troops-Battle of Roleia-Battle of Vimiera-Convention of Cintra-Sir John Moore appointed Commander-inchief of the British Forces in the PeninsulaAdvance of the Expedition under his Command to Salamanca-Perilous Situation-Disastrous Retreat-Battle of Corunna-Death of Sir John Moore-Embarkation of the Troops-Termination of the Campaign

45

CHAPTER VII. FOREIGN HISTORY: Mediation of Austria-Perilous Situation of Sweden-Subsidiary Treaty between Great Britain and Sweden-Invasion of Finland by the Russians, under Count Buxhovden-Surrender of Abo and Biorneberg to the Russians-Fall of Sweaborg-Armistice between the Russian and Swedish ForcesUnsuccessful Efforts of Sweden against Norway-English Army despatched to the BalticOperations of the Squadron under Sir Samuel Hood-Predominant Influence of French Politics at the Court of St. Petersburg-Expulsion of the Swedes from Finland-Death of Christian VII. King of Denmark-Changes in ItalyEstablishment of an Order of hereditary Nobility in France-Nomenclature of the Court of the Emperor Napoleon (note)-French Annual Expose-Relations between the United States of America and the belligerant Powers of Eu75 rope

CHAPTER VIII.

BRITISH HISTORY: Meeting of the Parliament of 1808-Debates on the Bombardment of Copenhagen and the Seizure of the Danish FleetPetitions for Peace-Mr. Whitbread's Motion of Censure for the Rejection of the proffered Mediation of Russia and Austria-Bill for the Prevention of Reversionary Grants-Sir Francis Burdett's Motion on the Appropriation of the Droits of Admiralty-Lord Castlereagh's Proposal for reviving the Practice of Enlistment for Life-for the Formation of a Local Militia-National Finances-Sir Samuel Romilly's Bill for ameliorating the Criminal CodeMr. Sheridan's Appeal in favour of the Spanish Patriots-Rejection of a Bill for fixing a minimum Price on Labour-The Session of Parliament closed by a solemn Pledge to support the Cause of the Spanish Patriots

71

3

den

CHAPTER X.

80

BRITISH HISTORY: Meeting of the Parliament of 1809-Monument voted to the memory of Sir John Moore-Thanks of Parliament voted to Sir Arthur Wellesley, and the Officers and Troops under his Command-Augmentation of the military Force of the Country-Discussions on the Convention of Cintra-Charges exhibited against his Royal Highness the Duke of York-Nature of the Evidence-Decision of the House of Commons at variance with the Public Voice -Resignation of the Commander-in-chiefExpressions of Public Gratitude to Colonel Wardle-Abuse of India Patronage-Charges against Lord Castlereagh of trafficking in Seats in Parliament-Public Finances-Extortionate Conduct of the Dutch Commissioners-Charge of corrupt Practices preferred by Mr. Madocks against Lord Castlereagh and Mr. Spencer Perceval-Sir Francis Burdett's Plan of Parliamentary Reform-Mr. Wardle's Motion relative to the Public Expenditure-Prorogation of Parliament-Destruction of the French Fleet in Basque Roads-Naval Operations in the Mediterranean--Colonial Conquests-Relations between Great Britain and the United StatesDisastrous Expedition to the Scheldt-Dissensions in the Cabinet--Duel between Lord Castlereagh and Mr. Canning-Dissolution of the Ministry-Ministerial Arrangements-The Ju

bilee

CHAPTER XI.

95

SPANISH CAMPAIGNS: State of the hostile Armies at the Beginning of the Year 1809-Capture of Oporto by the French-Defeat of the Spaniards at Medellin-Treaty of Peace and Alliance between Spain and Great Britain-Return of Sir Arthur Wellesley to the Peninsula-Expulsion of the French Army from Oporto--Second Siege and Fall of Saragossa-Defeat of General Blake in Catalonia Battle of Talavera-Retreat of the British and Spanish Armies after the Victory of Talavera-Elevation of Sir Arthur Wellesley to the Peerage-Appointment of the Marquis of Wellesley as Ambassador Extraordinary to Spain-The Nature of his Mission-Recall of the Marquis-Defeat of General Venegas near Toledo-Signal Defeat of the Spanish Army under General AriezagaDefeat of the French Army at Zamames--Battle of Alba-Fall of Gerona-Popular Commotion at Seville-Fall of that City-Advance of the French Armies to Cadiz-Dissolution of the Supreme Central Junta, and the Appointment

of a Council of Regency-Abortive Attempt to rescue Ferdinand VII.-Military Operations in Portugal-Plan of the Campaign-Advance of the French Army under Massena into Portugal -Fall of Cuidad Rodrigo and Almeida-Battle of Busaco-Retreat of Lord Wellington to the Lines of Torres Vedras-Close of the Campaign -Election of the Spanish Cortes-Meeting of the Cortes in the Isle of Leon-The Proceedings of that Body-Appointment of a new Council of Regency-Situation of the Peninsula at the Close of the Year 1810

CHAPTER XII.

110

BRITISH HISTORY: Meeting of Parliament-Inquiry into the Policy and Conduct of the Walcheren Expedition-Standing Order of the House of Commons for the exclusion of Strangers enforced by Mr. Yorke-John Gale Jones committed to Newgate for a Breach of Privilege-Mr. Yorke appointed Teller of the Exchequer, and First Lord of the Admiralty-Deprived of his Seat for Cambridgeshire-Motion of Sir Francis Burdett for the Liberation of Mr. Gale Jones-Sir Francis Burdett pronounced guilty of a Breach of Privilege, and committed to the Tower-His LiberationPublic Finances-Appointment of the Bullion Committee-Mr. Brand's Plan of Parliamentary Reform-Motions for Catholic EmancipationEarl Grey's Motion on the State of the Nation --Prorogation of Parliament-Death and Character of Mr. Windham-Capture of Guadaloupe-Gallant Naval Exploit-Capture of the Dutch and French Settlements in the EastDeath of the Princess Amelia-Indisposition of the King-Abrupt Meeting of Parliament-Repeated Adjournments-Appointment of a Regency in the Person of his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales

123

CHAPTER XIII. FOREIGN HISTORY: Sudden Death of the Crownprince of Sweden-Marshal Bernadotte elected Crown-prince-Marriage of the Emperor Napoleon to the Archdutchess Maria LouisaRapid Advances made by the Emperor Napoleon towards the Establishment of an absolute Despotism-Decree for the Establishment of State Prisons-for the Registration of domestic Servants-for restricting the Operations of the Press-Abdication of Louis Bonaparte in favour of his Son-Annexation of Holland and the Hanse Towns to France-Death of the Queen of Prussia-Annexation of Hanover to the Kingdom of Westphalia - 136

CHAPTER XIV.

141

gent to accept a Provision for the Royal Household-Motion regarding his Majesty's Health in 1804-Commercial Distresses-The Bullion Question-Lord King's Demand of Cash Payments from his Tenants-Lord Stanhope's Act for upholding the National Currency-Ex-officio Informations-New Office created in the Court of Chancery-Amelioration in the Discipline of the Army-British Subjects carrying on the Slave-trade made liable to Transportation-Lord Sidmouth's Bill to amend and explain the Toleration Act-Public FinancesReappointment of the Duke of Yorke to the Office of Commander-in-chief-Lord Milton's Motion thereon-State of his Majesty's HealthAffairs of Ireland-Letter of Mr. Wellesley Pole-Convention Act-Proceedings of the Catholics-Arrest and Trial of the Delegates to the Catholic Committee-National EducationPopulation Returns of 1811 186

CHAPTER XVI.

CAMPAIGN IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL: State of the Peninsula at the commencement of the Year 1811-Death of the Marquis de la RomanaSiege of Badajoz, and the surrender of that Fortress to the Duke of Dalmatia-Retreat of Massena from Santarem to the Spanish Frontier-Battle of Albuera-Battle of Fuentes d'Onoro-Escape of the Garrison of Almeida ander General Bennier-The Command of the French Army of Portugal transferred from Massena, Duke of Rivoli, to Marmont, Duke of Ragusa-Badajoz besieged by the AlliesSiege raised-Battle of Barrosa-Ciudad Rodrigo invested by Lord Wellington-Retreat of the British Army-Gallant Exploit performed by General Hill at Arroyo del Molinos-Siege and Storm of Tarragona-Fall of ValentiaRepulse of General Victor at Tarifa-Guerilla War-Court of Madrid-Cortes.-CAMPAIGN OF 1812: Ciudad Rodrigo carried by Storm-Lord Wellington's Services in the Peninsula rewarded by an Earldom-Siege and Fall of Badajoz-Battle of the Bridge of Almarez-Retreat of the French Army under the Duke of Ragusa Forts of Salamanca stormed by the British-Battle of Salamanca-Madrid entered by the Allies-Siege of Burgos raised-Retreat of the Allies, and close of the Campaign - 170

CHAPTER XVII.

BRITISH HISTORY: Meeting of Parliament-Establishment of the Royal Household-Negotiations for an extended Administration-The Prince-regent invested with the unrestricted Powers of the Sovereign-Mr. Perceval retained in his Situation as Prime MinisterAlarm occasioned by the Murders in the Metropolis-Inquiry instituted into the Policy and Operation of the Orders in Council-Assassination of Mr. Perceval-Trial and Execution of Bellingham, the Assassin-Sketch of the Life and Character of Mr. Perceval-Motion of Mr. Stuart Wortley for an Address to the Princeregent, beseeching his Royal Highness to appoint a strong and efficient AdministrationCarried by a Majority of four-Negotiations for a new Ministry consequent thereon-Failure of the Negotiations, and Continuance of the existing Administration in Office under certain Changes and Modifications-List of the Administration as constituted in June, 1812-Revocation of the Orders in Council--Finances- | Motion in favour of the Catholics-New Tole- ! ration Act-Dissolution of Parliament-Overtores for Peace made by France-Political Relations between Great Britain and America- |

CHAPTER XVIII. RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN: Causes of the War-Austria and Prussia become Parties in the War against Russia-Preparations for opening the Campaign-Bonaparte quits Paris to assume the Command of the French Army-Opening of the Campaign-Passage of the Niemen by the French-Retreat of the Russian Army, and Advance of the French to the Capital of Russian Poland-The French interpose between the First and Second Russian Armies-Concentration of the First Russian Army on the Dwina, under the Commander-in-chief, General Barclay de Tolly-Critical Situation of General Bagration-Advance of the French Army to the Dwina-The French possess themselves of Vitepsk-Defeat of Marshal Oudinot by Prince Wittgenstein on the Dwina-Junction of Prince Bagration with the First Russian Army-Advance of the Russians under Admiral Tschichagoff, from the Danube into the Government of Minsk-Operations in the North-The Intention of Marshal Oudinot and General St. Cyr to penetrate to St. Petersburg, defeatedBattle of Smolensk, and advance of the French Army-Arrival of the French at ViasmaCommand of the Russian Armies transferred from General Barclay de Tolly to Prince Kutusoff-Battle of Borodino-Entrance of the French into Moscow-Destruction of that magnificent City 180

CHAPTER XIX.

.

RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN: Napoleon, impressed with the perilous Situation of his Army, proposes to open a Negotiation for Peace--Repeated Rejection of these Overtures-Moscow abandoned by the French-Battle of Touratino-Retreat of the French Armies-Advance of the Russian Auxiliary Corps from the North and South to close in upon the Enemy and cut off his Retreat-Battle of Malo-Jaroslavitz-Battle of Viasma-The Winter sets in-Its Effects on the French Army-Passage of the Vope-Ar rival at Smolensk-Battles of Krasnoi-Junction of all the Russian Armies-Dreadful Passage of the Beresina-Capture of the Bavarian Auxiliaries under General Wrede -Arrival of Napoleon at MolodetschnoThe Twenty-ninth Bulletin of the French Army-The Emperor Napoleon abandons his Army and repairs to Paris-Disorganization of the French Army-Ruin and Dispersion-Defection of the Prussians under General D'Yorck -Surrender of the Prussian Fortresses, garrisoned by French Troops, to the Russians under Wittgenstein-Permission granted by the Russians to Prince Schwartzenberg to retire with the Wreck of his Army into Austrian Gallicia -Result of the Campaign

209

CHAPTER XX. BRITISH HISTORY: Observations on the declin ing Power of France-Meeting of ParliamentParliamentary Pledge to support the Government in the War with America-Sir Samuel Romilly's continued Exertions to ameliorate the Criminal Code-Motion of Sir Francis Burdett to provide against any Interruption in the Exercise of the Royal Functions-Case of the Princess of Wales stated-Her Appeal to the House of Commons through the Medium of

CONGRESS AT VIENNA: Members of the Congress -Its Objects-Projected Incorporation of the Kingdom of Saxony with Prussia-Declaration of Frederick Augustus protesting against the Injustice of this Measure-The Subject left open to further Discussion-Poland-Hanover assumes the Rank of a Kingdom, under the House of Guelph-Confederation of the Swedish Cantons-Victor Emanuel, King of Sardinia, re-established on his throne-Return of Pope Pius VII. to his Capital-Conduct of Ferdinand VII. on reascending the throne of Spain -Incorporation of the Belgic Provinces with Holland, under the Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands-Restoration of a general Peace 340 BOOK V.

CHAPTER I.

AMERICAN ANNALS: Causes of the War-State of Parties-Outrage at Baltimore-Naval and Military Force of the United States-Invasion of Canada-Surrender of General Hull-Public Spirit of the Western States-Siege of Fort Wayne-Expeditions of Generals Tupper and Hopkins-Northern Army-Affair of Queenstown-Operations of General Smyth-Naval Events-Cruise of Commodore Rodgers-Capture of the Alert-Escape of the ConstitutionCapture of the Guerriere-of the Frolic-of the Macedonian-of the Java

CHAPTER II.

360

AMERICAN ANNALS (continued): Armistice rejected -Meeting of Congress-President's Message -Increase of the Army and Navy-Presidential Election-Dissolution of Congress-Operations on the North-western Frontier-Capture of Frenchtown-Massacre of Raisin--Siege of Fort Meigs-Ontario Frontier - Capture of Ogdensburgh-of York-of Fort George-Affair at Stony Creek-at the Beaver Dams-Attack on Sackett's Harbour-War in the Chesapeake Bay-Capture of the Peacock-of the Chesapeake of the Argus-of the Boxer-Privateers -Squadrons under Commodores Rodgers and Decatur

CHAPTER III.

380

AMERICAN ANNALS (continued): North-western Frontier-Fort Meigs again besieged- Defence of Sandusky-Capture of the British Fleet on Lake Erie-Battle of the Thames-Expedition to Mackinaw-Operations on the St. LawrenceAffair at Williamsburgh--Failure of the Expedition-Operations of General HamptonAffair at La Cole-Burning of Newark, and Devastation of the Frontier-Engagements on Lake Ontario-Operations on that FrontierCapture of Fort Erie- Battles of Chippewa and Bridgewater-Siege of Fort Erie-War with the Southern Indians-Expedition of Generals Jackson, Corke, and Coffee-Civil HistoryMeeting of the 13th Congress-Internal Taxes -Hostages-Repeal of the Restriction SystemIncrease of the Army-Financial Affairs--Mission to Gottenburg-Adjournment of Congress 400

CHAPTER IV.

AMERICAN ANNALS (continued): Naval Events— Cruise of Commodore Rodgers--Cruise and Capture of the Essex-Capture of the Epervier -of the Reindeer--of the Avon-of the Levan and the Cyane-of the President-of the Penguin-War on the Coast-Capture of Eastport -Attack on Stonington and Castine-Battle of Bladensburgh-Capture of Washington-Attack on Baltimore-on Plattsburgh--Engage. ment on Lake Champlain-War in the South -Attack on Mobile-Capture of PensacolaInvasion of New Orleans-Battle of New Orleans-Capture of Fort Bowyer-Civil History-Hartford Convention-Congressional Proceedings-Negotiation at Ghent-Treaty of Peace Conclusion

CHAPTER V.

420

FRENCH HISTORY: Difficulties of the Situation of Louis XVIII. at the Commencement of his Reign-Sketch of his Ministry-Opening of the first Session after the Restoration-Speech of the King-Royal Constitutional CharterRestrictions on the Liberty of the Press-Exposition of the State of the French Nation at the Period of the Restoration-Budget-King's Debts and Civil List-Prince Talleyrand's Contrast between the Public Burthens of France, England, and America-Establishment of the Legion of Honour confirmed-The Sale of emigrant Property declared irrevocableRestoration of the unsold Estates of the Emigrants-The Duke of Tarentum's Plan for indemnifying the Emigrants, and securing the Endowments of the Military-Corn LawsEstablishment of Ecclesiastical Schools-of a National Penitentiary for young CriminalsExpedition against the French Part of the Island of St. Domingo abandoned--Close of the First Session of the restoration ParliamentState of Parties in France-Disinterment of Louis XVI. and his Queen-Ominous Aspect of Public Affairs 440

CHAPTER VI.

THE Second Reign of THE EMPEROR NAPOLEON: Introductory Matter: Exile-Return from Elba -Debarkation in the Gulf of Juan-Triumphal March from the Coast to the Capital-Departure of Louis XVIII-His arrival at GhentUnsuccessful Efforts to raise the royal Standard in the South and West of France-Proceedings of the Congress of Vienna in consequence of the Return of Napoleon-Declaration of the 13th of March-Proceedings of the British Parliament-Coalition Treaty of the 25th of March-Pacific_Overtures made by France-Letter of the Emperor Napoleon to the Sovereigns of Europe-Justificatory Manifesto of the French Government-Fidelity of some of the French Marshals to the royal Cause-Death of Berthier--Napoleon's Ministry -Policy of his Government-Efforts to rouse the French Nation to resist the threatened Invasion of their Country-New Constitution entitled Acte Additionnel aux Constitutions de l'Empire-Champ de Mai-Meeting of the Chambers-Speech of the Emperor at the Opening of the Session

460

CHAPTER VII. BELGIC CAMPAIGN OF 1815: Europe again in Arms-Plan of the Campaign formed by the Allies-Marshal Blucher's Proclamation to his Army on taking the Field-Napoleon's Objects and Means-His Proclamation-Sudden Com