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SHEMICAL, NE

Sept. 22, 1865.

Qualitative Analysis of Substances Insoluble in Water and Acids.

needles, which may be washed with cold water, pressed, and dried over sulphuric acid. The results of the analysis of the crystals agree with the formula

TIO3,38O3 + NaO.SO3.

137

chloric acid, and does not colour bisulphide of carbon or chloroform. The black precipitate boiled in the solution in which it is produced quickly changes to yellow, and among the yellow iodide of thallium bright yellow

On the Qualitative Analysis of Substances Insoluble in
Water and Acids, by CHAS. L. BLOXAM.

Sulphate of Thallic Oxide and Potash.-Aflakes of iodoform may be seen. mixed solution of thallic sulphate in dilute sulphuric acid and acid sulphate of potash becomes cloudy, and after a time deposits a crust of hard, colourless crystals, having the composition TIO,,2SO3 + 2(KO,SO3). IN the ordinary course of qualitative analysis the insoluble Oxalate of Peroxide of Thallium and Am-residue after treatment with water and acids is fused monia.-Oxalate of ammonia added to a solution of either with carbonate of soda alone, or with the more thallic sulphate in dilute sulphuric acid gives a heavy, easily fusible mixture of carbonates of potash and soda. white precipitate, quite insoluble in cold water. When The fusion is generally effected in a platinum crucible or boiled in water, however, it dissolves, carbonic acid is evolved, and a salt of thallous oxide is formed. tion of the blow-pipe flame. on platinum foil, and often requires a prolonged applicaIt is necessary also to in the air, the compound has the formula submit the substance to a preliminary examination for the easily reducible metals which would corrode the platinum. When such metals are present, a porcelain crucible is employed, when the fused mass becomes contaminated with silica and alumina derived from the crucible, which is often so far corroded as to be useless. With an ordinary gas burner and blow-pipe it is not easy to raise the porcelain crucible to the high temperature required for the fusion.

Dried

TIO3, 3C2O3 + NH ̧O,С2O3 + 6 aq. Heated to 100, it becomes oxalate of thallium and oxalate of ammonia, and no longer contains a trace of peroxide. On heating the double salt in a test-tube the metal is reduced, and is easily run into a single button. Peroxide of thallium freely dissolves in nitric acid sp. gr. 14 when gently heated, and forms a clear thickish liquid, which may be diluted with a considerable amount of water without becoming turbid. The concentrated solution yields well-formed crystals, which must be separated from the mother liquor by pressure, since water decomposes them. They have the composition TIO3,3NO5 + 6 aq.

Tartaric acid alone gives no precipitate with an acid solution of sulphate or nitrate of peroxide of thallium, but on the addition of ammonia a cheesy precipitate is formed, which, on the further addition of ammonia and before the solution becomes alkaline, redissolves. On boiling this solution the brown peroxide is deposited.

A solution of tartaric acid, boiled with the peroxide of thallium, dissolves it with effervescence, carbonic and formic acid being produced. The solution, on cooling, deposits crystals of thallous tartrate.

A solution of thallic sulphate gives, with a yellow precipitate with chromate of potash, which decomposes when washed with water, thallic oxide being separated. A solution of thallic nitrate gives with ferrocyanide of potassium a greenish precipitate, with ferrideyanide a yellow. These precipitates are insoluble in dilute

nitric acid.

Phosphate of soda gives with thallic sulphate a white slimy precipitate, which becomes yellowish on boiling. On the addition of ammonia, it dissolves, producing a yellow liquid, from which thallic oxide is separated by boiling.

The ammoniacal solutions with phosphoric or tartaric acid just mentioned, on the addition of sulphide of ammonium, or on passing sulphuretted hydrogen, give a brown precipitate, which, on boiling, collects together, forming a metallic-looking ball. After cooling, this is hard, but it is easily fused by heat, and gives off sulphur. When boiled with dilute sulphuric acid, the precipitate dissolves, sulphuretted hydrogen being evolved, and sulphur separated. The precipitate is probably persulphide of thallium T1S3.

Iodide of potassium added to the ammonical tartrate solution gives a black precipitate, which is no doubt a periodide, since no iodine is liberated, and no iodide of nitrogen is found in the precipitate. When an excess of iodide of potassium is employed, a good deal of thallium remains in solution, and the filtrate is coloured yellowish-red; this gives no precipitate with hydro

A great saving of time and labour may be effected by causing the heat to be applied inside the mass to be fused. For this purpose it is mixed with charcoal and nitre in such proportions that complete deflagration and consequent fusion will take place on applying a lighted match. The fusion may thus be effected in a thin porcelain dish without the least injury to the glaze. If the dish be uniformly thin it is not cracked by the deflagration, but if such a dish be not at hand a clean iron sandtray answers the purpose, the iron being not in the least affected by the deflagrating mixture. The charcoal should, of course, be chosen so as to yield a very small proportion of ash, and must be reduced to a fine powder. Chemically pure nitre is in common use in the laboratory.

A mixture of one part by weight of charcoal with six parts of nitre forms an excellent" deflagrating flux,' and may be kept ready mixed for effecting the fusion of insoluble substances. The fused mass remaining after the deflagration is very porous, and therefore easily disintegrated by water, whereas the mass obtained by the ordinary process of fusion by external heat often requires digestion with water for an hour or two in order to extract the soluble part.

The following is the process which I have adopted for the rapid examination of insoluble substances:-Five grains of the substance are intimately mixed with ten grains of dried carbonate of soda, and seventy grains of the deflagrating flux.† The mixture is placed in a thin porcelain dish, or clean iron tray, and a lighted match applied to the centre of the heap. The deflagration is completed in two or three seconds, and a well fused mass remains. This is easily detached from the cooled dish (in which a little unburnt charcoal may be left) and boiled with water, being occasionally stirred with a glass extraction of the soluble portion, which is then filtered rod. Two or three minutes always suffice for the off and examined as usual for acids, and for such bases as are compatible in solution with the alkaline carbonates. The residue left by water, after having been washed, is treated with acids and examined in the usual way. A * Charcoal from the powder mills is most suitable for the purpose. This appears to be a large proportion of the deflagrating mixture, but the greater part of it will of course pass off during the deflagra

tion.

little charcoal is generally left undissolved by acids, and with it any of the substance which may have escaped decomposition. If it be thought necessary, the dried residue may be ignited until the charcoal is consumed, and the incombustible portion examined.

The only substance which resisted the above mode of treatment was chrome iron ore, but this is not surprising, since this mineral is only partially decomposed even by prolonged fusion in the ordinary manner with the alkaline carbonates.

Quartz sand was rendered almost completely soluble by this process, and by using twice the proportion of carbonate of soda it became entirely so.

Pipe clay was completely fluxed. The aqueous solution of the fused mass contained, of course, very little silica or alumina, which were both found in the gelatinous residue dissolved by hydrochloric acid.

Fluorspar, one of the most troublesome substances under the ordinary mode of fusion, is almost completely decomposed by the deflagration. The aqueous solution, when neutralised with acetic acid, and mixed with chloride of calcium, gives an abundant precipitate of the characteristic fluoride of calcium.

Heavy spar is completely decomposed by the deflagration, yielding sulphates of the alkalies in the aqueous solution, and a residue of carbonate of baryta perfectly soluble in hydrochloric acid. This might be recommended as a convenient laboratory process for the preparation of soluble baryta salts from heavy spar, since the commonest saltpetre, when dried, would answer the

purpose.

Tinstone was also rendered in great measure soluble by this mode of treatment. The aqueous solution contained much stannic and silicic acids, whilst the residue furnished a large quantity of soluble binoxide of tin on treatment with hydrochloric acid.

Flint glass was very completely decomposed, some of the lead separating in globules during the deflagration. The aqueous solution contained very little lead, and abundance of silica. The portion left by water dissolved in dilute nitric acid, leaving a few particles of charcoal. Window-glass was also easily analysed in this way. Felspar was not so completely decomposed, though abundance of silica and alumina could be detected in the hydrochloric solution from the deflagrated mass.

Chloride of silver was, of course, completely decomposed, the silver separating in the metallic state.

Sulphate of lead was also completely decomposed, with separation of some metallic lead. Alkaline sulphates were found in the aqueous solution.

Kryolite, as might be anticipated, was very easily decomposed, some of the aluminium being found together with alkaline fluorides in the aqueous solution, while the rest, as alumina, dissolved in hydrochloric acid.

In cases where it is not desired to examine for sulphates, a mixture of nitre with gunpower may be very advantageously substituted for the nitre and charcoal. The mixture being more powerful, allows the use of a larger proportion of carbonate of soda, thus ensuring more complete decomposition. One part by weight of the insoluble substance may be mixed with four parts of carbonate of soda, four parts of nitre, and ten parts of finely powdered gunpowder.

I have examined all the above-mentioned substances by this process also with equally satisfactory results. Journal of the Chemical Society, August, 1865.

This method of treating insoluble substances was originally suggested by Mr. Hadow's process for extracting the silver from old photographic baths by deflagrating the precipitated chloride with saltpetre and wood.

EXAMINING BOARDS.

UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.

Examiners in Chemistry.-Dr. Debus; Professor Williamson, University College.

The University of London is not an educating body; it simply grants degrees. A knowledge of Chemistry is necessary for the Matriculation Examination.

Heat-its sources. Expansion. Thermometers-relations between different Scales in common use. Difference between Temperature and Quantity of Heat. Specific and latent heat. Calorimeters. Liquefaction. Ebullition. Evaporation. Conduction. Convection. Radiation.

Chemistry of the Non-Metallic Elements, including their compounds as enumerated below-their chief physical and chemical characters-their preparation, and their characteristic tests.

Iodine, Fluorine, Sulphur, Phosphorus, Silicon.
Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Chlorine, Bromine,

Combining proportions by weight and by volume. General nature of Acids, Bases, and Salts. Symbols and Nomenclature.

The Atmosphere-its constitution; effects of Animal and Vegetable life upon its composition.

Combustion. Structure and properties of Flame. Nature and composition of ordinary Fuel.

Water-Chemical peculiarities of natural waters, such as rain-water, river-water, spring-water, sea-water. Carbonic Acid. Oxides and Acids of Nitrogen. Ammonia. Olefiant Gas, Marsh Gas. Sulphurous and Sulphuric

Acids. Sulphuretted Hydrogen. Hydrochloric Acid. Phosphoric Acid and Phosphuretted Hydrogen. Silica.

In the Examination for Honours, the Candidate, not more than twenty years of age, who shall most distinguish himself in Chemistry will receive a Prize to the value of Ten Pounds in money or books.

DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc.). dates who pass a satisfactory Examination in Mathematics, This recently-instituted Degree is conferred on CandiMechanical and Natural Philosophy, Zoology, Animal Physiology, Geology and Palæontology, and Chemistry.

For the first examination of the Candidate, a knowledge of Inorganic Chemistry only is necessary, including the following subjects :

Matter; simple and compound.

Elementary bodies classed. Metallic and Non-Metallic bodies.

Chemical combination and Mechanical mixture. Solution.

Outlines of Crystallography. Isomorphism. Dimorphism. Allotropic conditions of matter. Chemical Affinity. Laws of Combination by weight and by volume, as deduced from the history of the individual elements. Equivalent numbers. Equivalent volumes. Symbolical notation. Formulæ. Nomenclature.

Nature of Combustion. Structure and properties of Flame. Chemical actions produced under the influence of Heat. Principles of Illumination. Chemical action of Light. Photography.

Oxygen. Ozone.

Hydrogen. Water.

Nitrogen. Chemical constitution of the Atmosphere. Diffusion of Gases. The Oxides of Nitrogen. Nitric Acid.

Ammonia.

Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine. Their compounds with Oxygen and Hydrogen. Theory of Bleaching.

Fluorine and Hydrofluoric Acid.

Sulphur. Sulphurous Acid. Manufacture and Chemical applications of Sulphuric Acid. Other Oxygen compounds of Sulphur. Sulphuretted Hydrogen.

Phosphorus. Oxygen and Hydrogen compounds of

Phosphorus. Theory of Acids. Monobasic, Bibasic, and EXAMINATIONS IN CONNEXION WITH THE Tribasic Acids.

Carbon. Carbonic Oxide and Carbonic Acid. The principal Hydrogen Compounds of Carbon. Manufacture of Coal-gas.

Silicon and Boron. Their compounds with the elements previously enumerated.

Metals. Characters of Metals as a Class. Metallurgical Processes. Alloys. Classification of the Metals. Potassium. Nitre; Gunpowder. Theory of the action of Gunpowder.

Sodium. Manufacture of Carbonate of Soda. Barium. Strontium. Calcium. Mortars. Cements. Magnesium. Aluminium. Glass. Porcelain. Manganese. Iron. Composition and properties of cast iron, wrought iron, and steel. Chromium. Cobalt. Nickel. Zinc. Cadmium. Lead. Manufacture of white lead.

Copper. Mercury. Bismuth. Tin. Arsenic. Antimony. Silver. Gold. Platinum.

Principal compounds of the metals with the Non-Metallic elements. Theory of salts.

Principles of Mineral Analysis.
Principles of Electro-Chemistry.

In the Examination for Honours, the Candidate, not more than twenty-two years of age, who shall most distinguish himself in Chemistry and Natural Philosophy shall receive an Exhibition of Forty pounds per annum for the next two years.

SECOND EXAMINATION FOR B.SC. DEGREE.

This Examination embraces Organic Chemistry, including the following subjects :-

Ultimate analysis of Organic bodies. Calculation of empirical formulæ. Methods of controlling empirical formulæ. Determination of the equivalents of organic acids and bases; examination of products of decomposition; determination of the vapour density of volatile bodies. Law of substitution. Compound radicals. Homologous

series.

The Chemical history of the Cyanogen group. Cyanogen. Hydrocyanic acid. Cyanic acid and Urea. Fulminates. Cyanuric acid. Sulphocyanic acid. Chlorides of Cyanogen. Uric acid.

Amylaceous and saccharine substances. Fermentation. Alcohol, wine, beer, bread, &c.

Homologues of Alcohol. Ethers, simple and mixed. Oxidation of Alcohol. Aldehyde and Acetic acid and their homologues. Anhydrides, simple and mixed. Compound

ethers.

Diatomic Alcohols and their acids. Glycol and Oxalic acid and their homologues.

Triatomic Alcohols. Glycerine. Fatty and oily bodies. Saponification.

Vegetable acids. The principal.

Ammonia and its derivatives. Ammonium and niacal salts. Amides and Amines: their classification. The chief natural Organic Bases.

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND ART, SOUTH KENSINGTON.

A sum of money is voted annually by Parliament for scientific instruction in the United Kingdom.

This sum is administered by the Science and Art Department.

The object of the grant is to promote instruction in Science, especially among the industrial classes, by affording a limited and partial aid or stimulus towards the founding and maintenance of Science schools and classes.

The following are among the Sciences towards instruction in which aid is given:-Acoustics, Light, Heat, Magnetism, and Electricity. Inorganic Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Geology. Mineralogy. Mining. Metallurgy. The assistance granted by the Science and Art Department is in the form of-1. Payments on results to certificated teachers. 2. Grants towards the purchase of apparatus, &c. 3. Public examinations, in which Queen's Medals, Honorary Certificates, and Prizes are awarded, held at all places complying with certain conditions. On the results of these examinations the payment on results is made to the teachers.

Examinations for Certificates to teach any of the beforementioned Sciences are held annually, commencing in the first week in November, at South Kensington. Examinations will also be held in Dublin and Edinburgh if five candidates register themselves for examination in Ireland and in Scotland. Any person whatever may attend this examination by sending in his name to the Secretary of the Science and Art Department before October 15, stating the subject or subjects in which he wishes to be examined. Certificates of three grades are given in each group and each subject. These certificates are only considered as simple records of the results of examination in the various sciences before mentioned, entitling the teacher to earn payments by successful teaching in the subjects for which

he is certificated.

The Science and Art Department holds, through the agency of each Local Committee, in May of each year, a public examination of all Science schools and classes in any locality throughout the United Kingdom which complies with the requisite conditions. On the results of this examination the payments are made to certificated teachers. Application for it must be made to the Secretary of the Science and Art Department before the end of March in each year, stating the number of persons and the subject or subjects in which they are to be examined. All registered students of Science classes under certificated teachers (except Science certificated teachers) are eligible to receive Queen's prizes and Queen's medals under the conditions

hereafter mentioned.

The results of the May examination are classified under Ammo-third class, (4) honourable mention, (5) pass, and (6) failed. the following heads :-(1) first class, (2) second class, (3) The names of the successful candidates, those under the first five heads, are published. The standard of attainment required may be raised from year to year. For the pass it is only such as will justify the examiner in reporting that the instruction has been sound, and that the students have benefited by it. Those who have obtained a higher degree of proficiency are classed as honourable mention, or as 3rd, 2nd, or 1st class, according to their

Colouring matters. Indigo and its derivatives. Principles of Dyeing.

The chief constituents of the Vegetable organism. Cellulose, Vegetable fibrin, Albumin, Časein, Glutin, &c.

The chief constituents of the Animal organism. Animal fibrin, Albumin, Casein, Gelatin. Blood, Milk, Bile, Urine, &c.

Decay, putrefaction. Destructive distillation.

The Chemical principles of the process of Nutrition and of Respiration in Plants and Animals.

The Candidate, not more than twenty years of age, who, in the Examination for Honours, shall most distinguish himself in Chemistry and Biology, will receive Fifty pounds per annum for the next two years, with the title of University Scholar.

merit.

To the 1st class are given Queen's prizes, consisting of books chosen by the candidates from lists furnished for that purpose. These prizes are unlimited in number, except that a student who has once received a 1st class Queen's prize cannot receive a prize in the same subject again. If such student should be again successful, his name will simply be recorded in the published list. To the 2nd and 3rd class certificates of merit recording the result of the examination are given.

The Queen's medals are, one gold in each group, one silver and two bronze in each subject, for competition throughout the United Kingdom. Only registered students of schools and classes under local committees can obtain medals. They cannot be taken by middle class students who are more than 17 years of age.

The payments to the certificated teacher are as follows: -He receives 1l. for every student of the industrial classes who has received forty lessons from him in a subject in which he is certificated, and passes in such subject of scientific instruction; 27. for every one who is honourably mentioned; 3., 4l., or 5l. for every one who takes a 3rd, 2nd, or 1st class. These students must have received forty lessons at least from the teacher since the last examination at which payment was claimed on their account. The forty lessons need not necessarily be all given in one year, but may extend over a longer period. 57. is the maximum that can ever be claimed on account of the instruction of any one pupil in a subject.

A grant towards the purchase of apparatus, diagrams, &c., of 50 per cent. on the cost of them, is made to Science schools and classes in Mechanics' and similar institutions where the teacher is certificated, and to the extent of 51. to other poor schools and classes.

The travelling expenses (second class railway fare and 108. per diem personal allowance) of a candidate in attend. ing the November examination are paid if he be successful in taking a certificate or in improving the grade of one he has already taken.

CHEMICAL LECTURES.

ROYAL SCHOOL OF MINES AND COLLEGE OF
CHEMISTRY.

Chemistry.-Professor E. Frankland, F.R.S., P.D.
The instruction in Chemical Science embraces-

1. A Course of Lectures on Experimental Chemistry, with special reference to the applications of Chemistry in the Arts and Manufactures.

2. A systematic Laboratory Course for the Practice of Chemical Analysis.

The Lectures are delivered in the Theatre of the Royal College of Chemistry, Oxford Street.

NEWS

Metallurgy.-Professor: Dr. Percy, F.R.S..

The course of instruction in Metallurgy consists of Lectures and Laboratory practice.

In the Lectures the processes of extracting metals from their ores are fully described, the chemical principles which they involve are explained, a detailed description is given of the furnaces and machinery employed, and, as far as reliable information can be obtained, the cost of production is stated. The illustrations consist of a very extensive series of specimens, diagrams, and models. Experimental demonstrations are occasionally introduced, but the time required for the satisfactory illustration by experiment of the chemical phenomena which occur in metallurgical processes is generally so long as to make it impossible that in this respect the Lecturer of Metallurgy should follow the example of the Lecturer on Chemistry. In the Metallurgical Laboratory the students have the opportunity of conducting all necessary experimental investigations.

Metallurgical Laboratory.-This Laboratory is conducted by Mr. R. Smith, under the direction of Dr. Percy, and is devoted to practical instruction in Metallurgy, The instruction comprises assaying in all its branches, especially of the more important metals, such as iron, copper, lead, tin, alloys of silver and gold, &c., and the examination of ores and metallurgical products.

There are three terms in the collegiate year, of three months each. The Laboratory hours are from 10 to 4 during November, December, January, and February; and from 10 to 5 during the other months, with the exception of Saturdays, when the Laboratory is closed.

The charge for instruction in the Metallurgical Labora. tory is 157. for three months, 127. for two months, and 71. for one month.

Lectures to Working Men.-Short Courses of Lectures at suitable periods of the year are given in the evening to Working Men. These courses are systematic, and arranged so as illustrate, within the period of two years, the principal subjects taught at the Institution. Those for the ensuing Session include Chemistry, Metallurgy, Physics. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE.

Chemistry.-Professor Williamson, Ph.D., F.R.S.
Daily, except Saturday, from 11 to 12.
Payment to the College, for a Half Term, 3.; for the
Term, 61.; Perpetual, 97.

The properties of the more important elements, and the methods of detecting and separating them, will be exFrank-plained.

Chemical Laboratory.-The general Laboratory for instruction in chemical manipulation, in qualitative and quantitative analysis, and in the method of performing chemical researches, is under the direction of Dr. land. The Royal College of Chemistry having become the property of the Government, its spacious and wellfurnished Laboratories are used for the instruction of the pupils of the Royal School of Mines.

There are three terms in the collegiate year, of three months each. The Laboratory hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., with the exception of Saturdays, when the Laboratory closes at 2 o'clock.

Each Laboratory student works independently, there being no classes. All operations are superintended by the Professor and his Assistants. A table with drawers, cupboards, and shelves, is appropriated to every pupil. The Institution supplies gas, fuel, and reagents. The larger and more expensive instruments of the Laboratory, such as air pumps, thermometers, barometers, condensers, &c., may be used by the students, who are held responsible for their safety. The students have to provide themselves only with the apparatus specified in the Laboratory regulations. More advanced students engaged in private researches have to supply themselves with such materials as are not included amongst the ordinary reagents of the Laboratory.

The charge for instruction in the Chemical Laboratory is 127. for three months, gl. for two months, and 51. for one month.

Processes for preparing chemical compounds useful in Medicine or the manufacturing Arts will be examined in connexion with the principles upon which they depend. The construction and use of apparatus for experimental purposes will be shown.

The Subjects of the Course will be considered in the following order :

Changes in the condition of matter by the action of heat. Light in its bearings upon chemical action, and in its application to analysis.

Electricity as an agent of decomposition and change.

The atmosphere in its chemical and physical properties, and its functions in supporting vegetable and animal life. Explanation of the processes of eudiometric analysis, and demonstration of the regularity of combining volumes of gases.

The non-metallic elements, such as sulphur, iodine, &c., and the simplest of their compounds, as sulphuric acid, nitric acid, ammonia, &c.

The metals, and the most useful or remarkable of their compounds, in connexion with the laws of combination; also the constitution of salts, the atomic theory, &c. The tests for poisons will be explained and shown.

About thirty to forty Lectures will be devoted to Organic Chemistry, including the characteristic properties

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and metamorphoses of the chief groups of organic compounds, whether of animal or vegetable origin, such as the alcohols, fatty acids, alkaloids, acids of the bile, albuminous substances, &c.

Practical Chemistry.-Professor Williamson, Ph.D., F.R.S.

The Professor is aided in the direction of the Students by Assistants.

INSTRUCTION IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY.

Birkbeck Laboratory.

The Course of Instruction in this department is intended for the assistance of Senior Students in the pursuit of all branches of Chemical Investigation, more especially Organic Research, and for the instruction of less advanced pupils in Elementary Analysis. It qualifies the Student for the application of Chemical Science to Agriculture, Medicine, and the Mechanical Arts; and arrangements have been made for giving practical instruction in Gas Analysis. The Laboratory and offices are fitted up completely with the most approved apparatus and utensils for experimental research, both for beginners and advanced Students. They are open daily from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. from October 3 until the end of July, with a short recess at

Christmas and Easter.

Fee for the Session, 261. 5s.; six months, 187. 188.; three months, 1ol. 1os.; one month, 47. 48., exclusive of the expense of materials. A deduction of 40 per cent. is made for Students who can attend only three fixed days per week.

The Gold Medal as a reward of merit for this Class will be given by the Council as usual.

ELEMENTARY CLASSES OF PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY.

Summer Course.-A Course of Fifty Lessons, of one hour each, on Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, from 11 to 12, commencing the first week in May.

Fee 4. This payment includes the cost of materials, &c.
Elementary Chemistry-Theoretical and Practical.
Birkbeck Course.

Professor Williamson, F.R.S., and Dr. Russell.
A Course of Fifteen Lessons, of two hours each, on

Tuesday and Friday, from the beginning of May to the
end of June. Hours, from 7 to 9 p.m. Fee, including
the cost of materials, &c., 2., for Masters of Unendowed
Schools and Ushers, and for persons engaged in Manufac-
tures or like pursuits.

The elements of Chemistry are explained to the Class, and the experiments illustrating the subject performed by the Students.

The first part of the Course is devoted to the study of non-metallic elements and compounds, their properties, and the best methods of distinguishing and separating them. In the second part the most important properties of the metals are studied. The ordinary methods of inorganic analysis are especially dwelt on, and solutions frequently given to the Class for analysis.

All the experiments and analyses are repeated by each Student, or by not more than two Students jointly.

KING'S COLLEGE.

Examinations of the Class, both viva voce and by written papers, are held at intervals during the course of the usual Lecture hour. Dr. Miller has published a work on Chemistry, which is used as a text-book by the Class. Third Year. Students who have completed six Terms in this department are admitted to a Course of "Practical Chemistry," consisting of twelve Demonstrations in each term; and they go through a course of Manipulation in the most important operations of Chemistry, including the first steps of Analysis.

Any Student of this department may be admitted to this Class at any period of his study on payment of an extra fee.

Experimental and Analytical Chemistry in the Laboratory. The object of this Class is to afford to Students who are desirous of acquiring a knowledge of analysis, or of prosecuting original research, an opportunity of doing so under the superintendence of the Professor and Demonstrator; Students may enter, upon payment of the extra fees, at any time except during the vacation, and for a period of one, three, six, or nine months, as may best suit their convenience. The Laboratory hours are from ten till four daily, except Saturday, on which day the hours are from

ten till one.

In addition to the Laboratory Fee, each Student defrays the expenses of his own experiments. The amount of this expense, which is comparatively trifling, is entirely under his own control.

EVENING CLASSES.

Classes for Evening Instruction are held at King's Col lege from October to March, and during April, May, and June.

and one for Practical Chemistry.
The Classes include one for the Elements of Chemistry

The fee for the former is 17. 118. 6d. ; for the latter
21. 28.
The Classes meet twice a-week.

MINERALOGY.

Professor.-James Tennant, Esq., F.G.S.

The Course commences with a description of the Physical and Chemical characters of Minerals in general. The principal simple Minerals are next separately considered, and the readiest mode of distinguishing them described. of all the substances entering into the composition of The course of instruction includes a minute description Rocks, and of those minerals which are also used in the Arts; illustrated by an extensive collection of characteristic specimens, and diagrams of the principal crystalline forms, &c.

LECTURES AT LONDON MEDICAL

SCHOOLS.

ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL AND

COLLEGE.

WINTER SESSION.

Lecturer.-Dr. Odling, Monday and Friday, at halfpast ten, and Wednesday, at ten. One course, 51. 58.

SUMMER SESSION.

Professor of Chemistry.-W. A. Miller, M.D., F.R.S.
Practical Chemistry.-Dr. Odling, Monday, Tuesday,
Professor of Practical Chemistry.-C. L. Bloxam, Esq. Thursday, and Friday, from eleven to one.
One course,
Demonstrator.-E. A. Hadow, Esq.

The course commences with a View of the Forces which concur to the production of Chemical Phenomena, after which the laws of Chemical Attraction are discussed, and the Non-metallic Elements and their principal Compounds are described.

The metals and their principal compounds are next examined, care being taken to point out the applications of the Science to the Arts, and the processes of the different Manufactures, of Metallurgy, and of Domestic Economy, are explained and illustrated.

21. 28.

CHARING-CROSS HOSPITAL AND COLLEGE.

WINTER SESSION.

Lecturer.-Mr. C. W. Heaton. Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday at ten. One session, 57. 58.

The Laboratory is open daily from ten to four p.m.

SUMMER SESSION.

Practical Chemistry.-Mr. Heaton. Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. One session, 24. 28.

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