tions are irregular. The principal public buildings are the capitol and the custom house, the latter including the post office. By vote of the people of Ramsey and Dakota counties, a portion of the territory of the latter, on the opposite bank of the river, embracing what was known as "West St. Paul," was ceded to St. Paul in November, 1874. This adds to the city about 3,000 acres, constituting the sixth ward, and from 1,200 to 2,000 people. The statistics below are exclusive of this addition. Tables of mortality show St. Paul to be one of the healthiest cities in the United States. A beautiful tract of 300 acres, lying on the shore of Lake Como, has been secured for a public park. St. Paul is remarkable for the expansion of its wholesale business. This trade in 1869 reached a total of $7,500,000; in 1871, $12,890,029; and in 1873, $19,459,246. It is the centre of 11 railroads, over which arrive and depart 96 trains daily, viz.: the Lake Superior and Mississippi; Stillwater and St. Paul; St. Paul,

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Stillwater, and Taylor's Falls; West Wisconsin; North Wisconsin; Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul; St. Paul and Chicago; Burlington, Cedar Rapids, and Minnesota; St. Paul and Sioux City; and St. Paul and Pacific (two branches). It is the practical head of navigation on the Mississippi river, 5 m. below the mouth of the Minnesota, its most northerly navigable tributary. An average of 50 steamboats and 100 barges trade with this port, comprising a total carrying capacity of 45,000 tons, operated by 1,630 men. The average length of the season of navigation is 7 months, and the number of steamboat arrivals about 815 annually. There were in 1873 six national banks, with an aggregate capital of $2,150,000, three private banks, and a savings bank. The average daily deposits were $3,432,141; loans and discounts, $3,603,079; and sales of exchange, $30,987,024. There are a fire and marine and a life insurance company. The total assessed valuation of real and personal prop

erty in 1874 was $27,444,017, about 50 per cent. of its actual value. The total bonded debt was $1,140,254, and the total tax levy 21 per cent. The principal manufactures are agricultural implements, sash, doors, and blinds, printing and blank books, ale and beer, boots and shoes, and wagons and carriages. The capital invested in manufactures in 1873 was $3,500,000, the number of persons employed 2,646, and the value of manufactured articles $5,350,000. There are two extensive grain elevators, one of which, completed late in 1874, is the largest in the state. In 1873 there were shipped 1,458,800 bushels of wheat and 180,112 bbls. of flour. The city is divided into six wards, and is governed by a mayor and a council of three members from each ward. The police force is under a chief, appointed by the mayor. The streets are lighted with gas, well graded and partially paved, and a system of sewerage is in progress. The city is supplied with water from Lake Phalon, 3 m. distant. It has a paid fire department and a fire-alarm

telegraph. Two lines of street railway, 4 m. in extent, are in operation. In 1873 there were published four daily, four tri-weekly (one German), and 12 weekly (two German, one Swedish, and one French) newspapers, and two monthly periodicals. There are ten public school buildings, which cost $300,000. The number of departments is 55, and of teachers 73. The total enrolment of pupils for 1874 was 3,833, average enrolment 3,000, average daily attendance 2,586. There are also a female seminary and several private schools of high grade. The Roman Catholics have scveral institutions of learning, and have recently secured a large tract of land in the vicinity for an industrial school. The state reform school is located here. There are a commercial and business college, an academy of natural sciences containing 126,000 specimens, and a state historical society. The city contains four public and four private circulating libraries, the former including the state law library and those of the historical society and academy of sci

ences, and comprising together about 24,000 volumes. The charitable institutions include a Catholic and a Protestant orphan asylum. The number of churches is 38, viz.: 3 Baptist, 1 Congregational, 4 Episcopal, 3 Evangelical, 1 Jewish, 5 Lutheran, 7 Methodist, 4 Presbyterian, 7 Roman Catholic, 1 Swedenborgian, 1 Unitarian, and 1 Universalist.-The first building was erected on the site in 1838, and it was simply an Indian trading post for several years. It was laid out into village streets in 1849, and a city government was obtained in 1854, when it contained about 3,000 inhabitants. It derived its name from that of a log chapel dedicated to St. Paul by a Jesuit missionary in 1841. SAINT PAUL DE LOANDA, a decaying city of Angola proper, and the seat of government of the Portuguese possessions in Lower Guinea, a few miles S. of the mouth of the river Bengo; pop. about 12,000. Its contains the ruins of two cathedrals, one of which was used as a college by the Jesuits in the 17th century. The harbor, formed by a low sandy island, is protected by three forts.

SAINT PETER, a city and the county seat of Nicollet co., Minnesota, on the W. bank of the Minnesota river, at the junction of the Winona and St. Peter and the St. Paul and Sioux City railroads, 75 m. S. W. of St. Paul; pop. in 1870, 2,124; in 1875, 3,310. It contains several furniture manufactories, three cooper shops, two grist mills, two sash, door, and blind factories, a marble shop, a foundery and machine shop, three breweries, and a national bank. There are a large graded school, with 11 departments and 750 pupils; a Roman Catholic school, with 75 pupils; two weekly newspapers, and 10 churches. The state hospital for the insane, completed in 1875, is of limestone quarried on the ground, and cost $500,000. The Swedish Lutherans of Minnesota are erecting (1875) a large building for a college.

SAINT PETERSBURG, a N. W. government of Russia, bounded N. by the gulf of Finland, the government of Viborg, and Lake Ladoga, E. by Novgorod, S. by Pskov, and W. by Lake Peipus, which separates it from Livonia and Esthonia; area, 20,760 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 1,325,471. It is drained by the Neva, Luga, and Narva, which discharge their waters into the gulf of Finland, and the Volkhov, Svir, and other streams, which flow into Lake Ladoga. The surface is low and flat, and in many places swampy, but there are some low hills in the northeast, and a spur of the Valdai mountains enters it on the south. The climate is severe, and the soil mostly barren. It nearly corresponds to the former province of Ingria, and was the principal theatre of the long wars between the Swedes and the Russians. Peter the Great finally conquered it, and it was secured to Russia by the peace of Nystad in 1721. In 1871 the city of St. Petersburg was erected into an administrative district by itself, which left in the old government about 500,000 inhabitants.

SAINT PETERSBURG, the capital of Russia, situated on and around the delta of the Neva, in lat. 59° 56' 30" N., lon. 30° 19' E., 13 m. E. of its port of Cronstadt, and 390 m. N. W. of Moscow; pop. in 1870, 667,026, including 76,831 Protestants and 20,882 Roman Catholics, more than 40,000 Germans, and many other foreigners. The Neva, as it approaches the gulf of Finland, turns first N. and then W., and soon divides into the Great and Little Nevka, and the Great and Little Neva. Beginning at the north, the first two enclose the Velaginski, Kamennoi, and Krestovski islands; between the Great Nevka and the Neva lies the large Aptekarski island; Citadel island is in the Neva; Petrovski island and several islets are between the Little Nevka and the Little Neva; while S. of the Little Neva and between it and the Great Neva are Volni and Vasili islands, the latter the largest of the delta. S. E. of this in the peninsula (converted into islands by canals) formed by the bend of the Neva is the admiralty quarter of the city. All these islands are included within the limits of the city, and the larger are very populous. They are connected with the peninsula and with each other by ten bridges, several of them very fine. Beyond the Neva at the east there is a large and rapidly growing suburb. The Neva, though broad and clear, is shallow, and a bar at its mouth forbids the passage of vessels drawing more than 9 ft. of water; and though the hulls of large ships are built at the city dockyards, they are floated to Cronstadt for their masts, rigging, and cargoes or armament. The city is not liable to an attack by sea, but it has no adequate defences against an approach by land. The peninsular part S. of the Neva, with the finest buildings and streets, is called the Bolshaya Storona or Great side; the islands and settlements on the N. bank are collectively known as the Petersburg side. On the latter side, opposite the so-called English quay, are the exchange and most of the important docks and warehouses. The city is elevated but little above the Neva, which has more than once overflowed and caused great destruetion of life and property. The peninsula, or Great side, is drained by canals, the principal of which are the Moika, the Catarina, the Fontanka, and the Zagorodnoi, connected with each other and with the Neva by cross canals. The banks of the principal canals are protected by walls of hewn granite, and crossed by numerous bridges. The quays along the Neva are of great extent and solidity. The admiralty building, on the S. side of the Great Neva, is an immense and massive pile with a lofty dome and spire, and is the central point of the S. or Great side. The statue of Peter the Great is on its S. W. side, and the column of Alexander I. on the N. E. From the galleries of this building the whole city can be seen. Radiating from it S. E., S. S. E., and S. are the three finest streets of the city, viz. the Nevski Prospekt or Neva per

spective, the Gorokhovaya Ulitza or Peas street, and the Voskresenski Prospekt or Resurrection perspective. The Neva perspective, 130 ft. broad and about 4 m. long, is one of the finest streets in Europe. It contains the cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan, profusely adorned with silver, gold, and gems, but without much architectural merit, and another Greek church, both with their blue domes decorated with stars; a Dutch church, a Protestant German church, a Catholic and an Armenian church, all costly and some of them very beautiful. Here too are the military headquarters, the palace of the archduke Michael, the great bazaar with its 10,000 merchants, the

institution of St. Catharine, and a theatre. At the end of this street and near the city limits are the convent and church of St. Alexander Nevskoi, the latter containing a sarcophagus

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the citadel, with a tall, slender, richly gilt spire, 208 ft. high, which can be seen from all parts of the city or its suburbs, contains the

remains of all the Russian monarchs since Peter the Great. The Isaac church, S. W. of the admiralty, in one of the largest open spaces of the capital, is celebrated for its simple but

grand architecture, its noble proportions, and its imposing porches. Like the Greek churches generally, it is in the form of a Greek cross, and has four grand entrances, each approached by three broad flights of steps, each entire flight composed of a single piece of granite. Each entrance has a superb peristyle composed of monolithic columns of polished granite, each 60 ft. high and 7 ft. in diameter, and the whole surmounted by a cupola 120 ft. above the peristyles, covered with copper and richly gilt, and resting on 30 granite pillars. The foundation of this church, formed of several successive tiers of piles, is said to have cost $4,000,000. The church of the Smolnoi convent, in the N. E. part of the peninsula, is of white marble, and is surmounted by five blue domes spangled with golden stars. The Preobrazhenskaya church belongs to one of the oldest regiments of the guards, and is profusely decorated with

in and without with military trophies. The English church, W. of the admiralty, is richly ornamented.—St. Petersburg is a city of palaces. The Winter palace is said when the emperor occupies it to have more than 6,000 inhabitants. It was burned in 1837, and rebuilt in 1839 on a more magnificent scale. It is one of the largest palaces in the world, and is in the form of a square, 455 ft. long and 350 ft. broad. Its halls are of wonderful beauty, and filled with the richest statuary, gems, and pictures, and magnificent tables and vases of malachite. The Hermitage, built by Catharine II., is connected with the Winter palace, and contains 40 rooms of paintings, a museum of statuary, arms, and gems, a theatre, and a library with many engravings. The marble palace, a massive, gloomy-looking building, lies near Troitzkoi or Trinity bridge, considerably E. of the Hermitage. A mile further E., on the banks of the Neva, is the Taurida palace, which has a ball room 320 ft. long and 70 ft. wide. The Annitchkoff palace, the favorite residence of the emperor Nicholas, is on the Neva perspective near the Fontanka canal. One of the finest new palaces is that of the grand duke Vladimir, completed in 1871. The government buildings are remarkable for their immense size, and some of them possess great architectural beauty. The principal are the admiralty, half a mile long and with two wings 650 ft. in length, the holy synod, the headquarters of the ecclesiastical direction of the Greek church, the hotel de l'état major, and the war office; and on the opposite side of the Great Neva, on Vasili island, the exchange and custom house, both imposing edifices; on Citadel island, the citadel and the mint; and further down the river, on Vasili island again, the hôtel des mines, the academy of arts, the academy of sciences with its museum and observatory, and the fine barracks of the cadets.-The imperial library contains 1,100,000 volumes and 35,000 manuscripts, many of them of great value. The academy of sciences and the Hermitage have 120,000 volumes each. The academy of sciences, founded by Peter the Great under the direction of Leibnitz, has Asiatic, Egyptian, and ethnographic museums, and numismatic, anatomical, mineralogical, and other collections; in 1873 it was attended by 303 students. The academy of arts, recently much improved under the direction of Prince Gagarin, is noted for its galleries of pictures and sculptures. The museum of the mining school has a celebrated collection of minerals, and the Rumiantzeff museum of oriental objects. One of the most prominent learned bodies is the imperial geographical society. The university was founded in 1819, and in 1872 had 1,413 students. There are several colleges and special schools and institutions of all grades. Female gymnasia and a female normal school were opened in 1873, and new compulsory schools at the end of 1874. St. Petersburg has many extensive char

itable institutions, including the famous foundling hospital. (See FOUNDLING HOSPITAL.) The Gostinnoi Dvor, the principal market, is a colossal pile of buildings, with many shops and warehouses, resembling a perpetual fair. The Great theatre for Italian opera, and the Michael for French and German plays, are most frequented; the Marie and Alexander are for Russian performances. The English club, called so after the original founders, though now not much frequented by Englishmen, is the principal one; the most exclusive is the imperial yacht club. The principal park is the Summer gardens; military reviews are held on an adjoining square. At the entrance of the park is a chapel erected in 1866 to commemorate the escape of the present emperor from assassination. The city is deserted in summer by the nobility. In winter it is one of the most brilliant and also most expensive capitals of Europe.-The mean annual temperature of St. Petersburg is 39° F.; the mean summer temperature is 62°, that of winter 18°. The extremes are 99° and -51°. The cold is very severe, but, protected by furs, the residents do not feel it so much as in milder climates. But the sanitary condition of the city is unsatisfactory, owing to the cellars of nearly all the houses being inhabited. The number of fever patients in the hospitals in the beginning of 1875 exceeded 10,000, or about 1 in 70 of the population, besides the sick in private houses, few of which were at that period free from typhus fever. The imperial manufactories of Gobelin tapestry, of glass, porcelain, malachite and other precious stones, military surgical instruments, and embroideries, are on a large scale. There are also extensive founderies of cannon, and manufactories of cotton, silk, muslin, and woollen goods, leather, fringes, paper tobacco, soap, clocks, jewelry, &c. The commerce has received a new impulse from the opening of the Finland and Baltic roads, and about 3,000 vessels now arrive and depart annually. St. Petersburg is also the centre of the Russian book trade. The docks were in 1875 connected by rail with Moscow and other cities, and a canal to Cronstadt is expected to be completed in 1879.-St. Petersburg was founded May 27, 1703, by Peter the Great. He first erected a fortress on the site of the present citadel, and such were the obstacles with which he met in the treacherous character of the soil, the climate, and the insalubrity of the location, that a man of less resolute will would have abandoned the undertaking. But his perseverance triumphed over all difficulties, and in 1712 he declared it his capital, instead of Moscow. At his death the city had only a few good buildings. His successors embellished and almost created it, especially Catharine II. In 1824 it was visited with a terrible inundation. The city formed part of the government of St. Petersburg till 1871, when it was made a separate administrative district.

SAINT PIERRE

SAINT PIERRE, a fortified seaport of the island of Martinique, on the N. W. coast; pop. about 30,000. It was settled by the French in 1635, is the largest town in the French West Indies, and is well built. There is an old Catholic college and a botanic garden. The harbor is much exposed. A railway to Fort Royal or Fort de France, the capital, was in progress of construction in 1875.

SAINT PIERRE AND MIQUELON, a French colony, comprising the islands of St. Pierre and Great and Little Miquelon, off the S. coast of Newfoundland, and opposite the gulf of St. Lawrence; area, 81 sq. m.; permanent pop. in 1870, 4,750. It is of importance as a fishing rendezvous. The imports in 1870 were valued at 17,800,000 fr., the exports at 17,700,000 fr. The movement of shipping comprised 1,549 entrances and 1,539 clearances. Capital, St. Pierre; pop. 800. (See FISHERIES, vol. vii., p. 225.)

SAINT-PIERRE, Charles Irénée Castel, abbé de, a French philanthropist, born near Barfleur, Normandy, Feb. 18; 1658, died in Paris, April 29, 1743. He was educated by the Jesuits at Caen and joined the priesthood. In 1686 he went to Paris with the geometrician Varignon, and in 1695 succeeded Bergeret in the academy. In 1702 he became chaplain of the bishop of Orleans, who obtained for him the abbey of Tiron. In 1712 he attended the congress of Utrecht with Cardinal Polignac. His Projet de paix perpétuelle (3 vols., Utrecht, 1713-'17) was followed in 1718 by Discours sur la polysynodie, in which he severely judged Louis XIV., and advocated constitutional government. He was consequently expelled from the academy, but an association known as club de l'entresol gave him opportunities to expound his humanitarian schemes, and became the nucleus of the future academy of moral and political sciences. The club was closed in 1731 by Cardinal Fleury, after seven years' existence. Most of his writings are included in his Ouvrages de politique et de morale (18 vols., Rotterdam, 1738-'41).

SAINT-PIERRE, Jacques Henri Bernardin de, a French author, born in Havre, Jan. 19, 1737, died at Eragny-sur-Oise, Jan. 21, 1814. He was educated by a priest at Caen, and went with his uncle to Martinique as a sailor, but resumed his studies at Caen, and subsequently at the college and school of engineers at Rouen. He next served in the army as an engineer, and after various vicissitudes entered the Russian army. He submitted to the empress Catharine II. his scheme for establishing on the shores of the Caspian a republic after the model of that of Plato, which fell to the ground like most of his visionary conceptions. He next joined Radziwill in Poland, and in 1765 was repeatedly under arrest. A love affair with a Polish princess diverted his attention from the political affairs of Poland, and on her deserting him he went to Saxony, determined to have his revenge by fighting against the

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Poles; but another romantic adventure drove him from Dresden, and failing to receive employment from Frederick the Great, he returned in November, 1766, to France, whence he sailed as an engineer to Madagascar. On discovering that the real object of the expedition was the slave trade, he left it and remained at the isle of France as an engineer till 1771, when he returned to Paris. he associated with Rousseau and other celebrities, and was noted for his eccentricities and love of solitude. In 1792-'3 he was director of the botanical garden; in 1794 he became professor of morals at the normal school, and in 1795 a member of the academy. Under the empire he had a pension of 2,000 francs. By his first wife, Mlle. Didot, he had two children, Paul and Virginia. He married a second time in his 63d year. His principal works are: Voyage à l'ile de France, &c. (2 vols., Paris, 1773; new ed., 1835); L'Arcadie (Angers, 1781; new ed., 2 vols., Paris, 1796); Études de la nature (5 vols., Paris, 1784; new ed., 6 vols., 1835-6; English translation by H. Hunter, 5 vols., 1796); Paul et Virginie (1788), his most celebrated work, which has been translated into many languages; La chaumière indienne (1790; new ed., including Le café de Surate, 1828); and Harmonies de la nature (3 vols., 1815; new ed., 4 vols., 1818). Aimé Martin, who married his widow, published his complete works with a biographical notice (12 vols., 1818-20; new ed., 9 vols., 1835), his posthumous works (2 vols., 1833-'6), and his Romans, contes et opuscules (2 vols., 1834).

SAINT-QUENTIN, a town of France, in the department of Aisne, on the Somme, 80 m. N. E. of Paris; pop. in 1872, 34,811. It is well built, the principal streets converging into the Grande Place, which contains the Gothic town hall supported by eight columns. A still more celebrated Gothic building is the cathedral. The town is a great centre of the cotton manufacture, and many other articles are made here, including woollens, machinery, and beetroot sugar. There is a brisk trade in grain, flax, hemp, cattle, &c. The canal of St. Quentin, which connects the basins of the Oise and Somme with that of the Scheldt, upward of 50 m. long, is of great commercial importance. -Under the Romans the town was known as Augusta Vermanduorum. In the middle ages it was the capital of the duchy of Vermandois till 1215, when it was annexed to the crown. The Spaniards captured it in 1557 after a memorable battle (Aug. 10), and two years afterward it was restored to France. During the Franco-German war, Jan. 19, 1871, it was again the scene of a great battle, resulting in the disbandment of the French northern army under Faidherbe.

SAINT SEBASTIAN (Sp. San Sebastian), a seaport of Spain, capital of Guipúzcoa, on the bay of Biscay, 39 m. N. N. W. of Pamplona; pop. about 14,000. It occupies a low isthmus uniting Mt. Urgull, on which is the citadel, to