Retention and Stability in Orthodontics

active treatment alignment Angle Orthod appliances arch form arch length arch width average bicuspid Björk centric relation centroid cephalometric Class clinical condyle curve of Spee cuspid width deep bite deep overbite correction dental arch dentition dentoalveolar end of treatment eruption evaluation extrusion facial growth factors fiberotomy FIGURE functional growth changes growth pattern Hawley retainer incisal edge incisor intrusion intercanine width interincisal angle lingual long-term stability lower arch lower incisors malocclusion mandible mandibular advancement mandibular arch mandibular growth mandibular incisors maxilla maxillary incisors Nanda nonextraction normal occlusal interferences occlusion occurred open bite Orthod Dentofacial Orthop orthodontic treatment orthodontist osteotomy overbite and overjet overbite relapse patients percent posterior teeth postretention posttreatment changes posttreatment period premolar extraction pretreatment protrusive result retainer retention retrusive Riedel RA root resorption sample serial extraction showed skeletal Stability and relapse Statistically significant change superimposition tion treatment planning Tweed untreated upright variables wire fixation