Caudine Forks 321 BC: Rome's Humiliation in the Second Samnite WarBloomsbury Publishing, 18 mar 2021 - 96 A highly illustrated account of one of Ancient Rome's most humiliating defeats, the battle of the Caudine Forks in 321 BC, and how the embarrassment spurred the Roman Army on to eventual triumph. In its long history, the Roman Republic suffered many defeats, but none as humiliating as the Caudine Forks in the summer of 321 BC. Rome had been at war with the Samnites – one of early Rome's most formidable foes – since 326 BC in what would turn out to be a long and bitter conflict now known as the Second Samnite War. The rising, rival Italic powers vied for supremacy in central and southern Italy, and their leaders were contemplating the conquest of the entire Italian peninsula. Driven by the ambitions of Titus Veturius Calvinus and Spurius Postumius Albinus, Roman forces were determined to inflict a crippling blow on the Samnites, but their combined armies were instead surprised, surrounded, and forced to surrender by the Samnites led by Gavius Pontius. The Roman soldiers, citizens of Rome to a man, were required to quit the field by passing under the yoke of spears in a humiliating ritual worse than death itself. This study, using specially commissioned artwork and maps, analyses why the Romans were so comprehensively defeated at the Caudine Forks, and explains why the protracted aftermath of their dismal defeat was so humiliating and how it spurred them on to their eventual triumph over the Samnites. With this in mind, this study will widen its focus to take account of other major events in the Second Samnite War. |
Spis treści
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Opposing Forces | 9 |
Titus Livius | 33 |
Opposing Plans | 39 |
The Campaign | 47 |
Analysis | 75 |
Conclusion | 81 |
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Appendix | 93 |
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Kluczowe wyrazy i wyrażenia
3rd century BC 4th century BC ambush ancient Apennines Appia Apulian Arienzo Arpaia aspis Attic helmet battle body armour broad bronze belt Calatia campaigns Campania Camposauro Capua CARTHAGINIENSES Caudine Forks Caudium central Italy citizens clipeus coastal consular armies consuls corselet crest dated defeated depicted enemy Ennius Esther Carré Etruscan feathers force Fregellae Gaulish Gauls Gavius Pontius greaves Greek Greek-style phalanx Herennius hoplite Italic Latin colony Latium legion legionaries Liris Livy Livy’s Luceria military Monte Taburno Montesarchio mountain Museo Archeologico Nazionale narrative Nazionale di Paestum Necropoli Negau helmet Oscan Oscan broad bronze Oscan-speaking Paestum Palaeopolis pilum Polybios Postumius raiding red-figure Roman army Rome Rome’s Samnium Saticula scutum Second Samnite Second Samnite War shield shoulder soldiers sword tactical thrusting spear tomb Tomba treaty triple-disc cuirass Tyrrhenian Sea upland valley urban Valle Caudina Valle di Arienzo Veii Veturius VOLSCI Volturnus warfare warrior weapon wears western defile Wikimedia yoke