Applied Solar Energy: An Introduction

absorptance airflow aluminum ambient aperture applications approximately axicon axis basic blackbody boiler Brayton cycle cal/g calculation coefficient convection cooling cost curve cusp cycle cylindrical diameter effect efficiency emittance equation ETIR f-ratio factor film flat plate flat-plate collector flow flux concentration focal focus Fresnel Fresnel lens fully tracking function geometry glass graph heat transfer heat-transfer fluid heater heliostat horizontal Incoming rays infrared input kg/cm² kWh/m2day latitude layer length lens materials maximum metal mirror MJ/m2day normal optical output oxide parabolic paraboloid paraxial performance pipe plastic pressure problem pump pyranometer pyrheliometer radiation ratio reflectance sample selective surfaces shown in Fig silicon solar cells solar collector solar energy solar flux solar furnace solid angle solstice SPECULAR REFLECTANCE stack steam substrate sulfide temperature difference thermal infrared thermal storage tilted tube turbine vapor variation velocity wavelength winter yield